{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T02:38:15Z","timestamp":1770431895553,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,19]],"date-time":"2005-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1116460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8570,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Teratology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The embryofetal toxicity and teratogenicity of plane\u2010wave 2.45 GHz continuous wave (CW) microwave radiation at different intensities were investigated in the CD\u20101 mouse. Mice were exposed on days 1\u201315 of gestation to an incident power density of 5 mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (specific absorption rate of 6.7 mW\/gm) and either on days 1\u20136 or 6\u201315 of gestation to 21 mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (specific absorption rate of 28.14 mW\/gm) or to 30 mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (specific absorption rate of 40.2 mW\/gm) for 8 hours daily. Exposure either on days 1\u20136 or 6\u201315 of gestation to a power density of 21 or 30 mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> caused an increase in colonic temperature of exposed dams of 1\u00b0C and 2.3\u00b0C, respectively. To distinguish between \u201cthermal\u201d and \u201cnonthermal\u201d effects of 21 or 30 mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, groups of mice were also exposed to elevated ambient temperature to raise their body temperature to the level of those animals exposed to microwave. Ambient temperatures of 30\u00b0C and 31 \u00b0C increased the deep colonic temperature to that obtained with the 21 and 30 mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> microwave exposure, respectively. The temperature\u2010exposed mice were handled in exactly the same manner as the microwave\u2010exposed mice. A significant reduction in maternal weight gain, either during treatment on days 1\u20136 or 6\u201315 of gestation was observed in females of all handled groups. Handling plus exposure to elevated ambient temperature (30\u00b0C or 31 \u00b0C) during days 6\u201315 of gestation increased this reduction in maternal weight gain. A significant decrease in implantation sites per litter and reduction in fetal weight was noted in the group exposed to 30 mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> during days 1\u20136 of gestation. Exposure of mice to a power density of 30 mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (days 6\u201315 of gestation) resulted in a slight, but significant increase in the percentage of malformed fetuses, predominantly with cleft palate, when compared to all other groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420240309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T14:39:39Z","timestamp":1118500779000},"page":"303-314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Effects of 2.45 GHz CW microwave radiation on embryofetal development in mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"P. S.","family":"Nawrot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. I.","family":"McRee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. 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