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No association was found with the traditional indicators of the effect of environmental factors: maternal age, social class, nuptiality, month of birth, or estimated month of conception. Males comprised 41% of anencephalus and 36% of spina bifida cases; the prevalence was higher in the non\u2010Maori than in the Maori population. New Zealand\u2010born mothers appear to have a much lower risk of spina bifida, but not anencephaly, than those born in England\/Scotland. The rate for the latter population was within the range of a number of UK\u2010based studies. As the bloodstock of New Zealand whites has been predominantly derived from the UK population, and as New Zealand is a low prevalence area, this suggests that the higher risk for these women is likely to be attributable to factors present in their birthplace but absent in New Zealand. These findings provide further evidence that the epidemiologic patterns of anencephalus and spina bifida in low\u2010prevalence areas are at variance with those in high\u2010prevalence areas, such as the United Kingdom. They also support the hypothesis that the contrast in rates between high\u2010 and low\u2010prevalence areas is a reflection of the impact of environmental factors in high\u2010prevalence areas on the \u201cbackground\u201d or baseline frequency of anencephalus and spina bifida found in low\u2010prevalence areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420330209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T14:55:57Z","timestamp":1118501757000},"page":"221-230","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Risk factors in the prevalence of anencephalus and spina bifida in New Zealand"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Barry Borman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allan H.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Keir Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5848.291"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932000009585"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"386","article-title":"Cost benefit analysis of screening spina bifida","volume":"93","author":"Baker P. 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