{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T08:03:10Z","timestamp":1759564990794},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6179,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Teratology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Contraceptive use in relation to pregnancy outcome was studied in 8,816 births in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand, by examination of newborn infants and interviews with their mothers. Four thousand twenty\u2010three women used no contraception before the index pregnancy, 1,229 used the injectable contraceptive Depo Provera (DMPA), and 3,038 used oral contraceptives prior to or during pregnancy. No differences were observed between these groups with respect to still births, multiple pregnancies, and birthweight. Women who used oral contraceptives had unexpectedly low rates of major defects and may have been affected by self\u2010selection bias, whereas the noncontraceptors had rates similar to other populations. There was a significantly increased association of polysyndactyly among infants of DMPA users relative to the other groups, which was most pronounced in offspring of women under age 30 years, and persisted after exclusion of subjects with a family history or infants with multiple abnormalities. However, in five out of the ten polysyndactyly, cases, the last injection of DMPA occurred more than 9 months before conception, and only three cases had definite gestational exposure. The association of chromosomal anomalies was also significantly increased in infants of mothers who used DMPA. The unrelated nature of these defects, the lack of confirmation from other studies, the distant preconceptional exposure to DMPA in many cases, and chance effects due to multiple statistical comparisons make a causal association unlikely. Other birth defects that had been previously reported in some publications to be associated with progestational steroid exposure, such as neural tube defects, heart malformations, and limb reduction defects, were not found in this study. Further research should evaluate in detail the type and incidence of syndactyly or chromosomal aberrations in exposed groups and appropriate control populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420380108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T15:09:00Z","timestamp":1118502540000},"page":"51-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Steroid contraceptive use and pregnancy outcome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Tieng","family":"Pardthaisong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald H.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edwin B.","family":"McDaniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arida","family":"Chandacham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1976.tb00899.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"134","volume-title":"Blackwell Scientific Publications","author":"Armitage P.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/11.3.239"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Actions of steroid contraceptives on genetic material","volume":"33","author":"Boue A.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/7.4.309"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420310314"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"Chromosome studies in selected spontaneous abortions. I. Conceptions after oral contraceptives","volume":"103","author":"Carr D. H.","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Can, Med. Assn."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Congenital Malformations Surveillance","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.71.12.1333"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/12.4.445"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Chromosome anomalies in spontaneously aborted human fetuses","volume":"2","author":"Dhardial R. K.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(80)90105-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80640-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Progestins in Therapy","author":"Gray R. H.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6091.853"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92631-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy","author":"Hienonen O. P.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197410032911403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"775","article-title":"Teratogenicity of progestogens given during the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"65","author":"Katz Z.","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Contraceptives and conceptus. 1. Chromosome abnormalities of the fetus and neonate related to maternal contraceptive history","volume":"48","author":"Klinger H. P.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(86)90352-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03370220090033","article-title":"Exogenous sex hormone exposure and the risk of major malformations","volume":"253","author":"Lammer E. J.","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(83)90247-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"544","article-title":"Congenital abnormalities in the early neonatal period. Ten years incidence at Ramathibodi Hospital","volume":"63","author":"Praputt S.","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Med. Assn. Thailand"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(81)90227-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Do contraceptive methods pose fetal risks?","volume":"3","author":"Simpson J. L.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Res. Frontiers Fertil. Reg."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"An epidemiological study of congenital reduction deformities of the limbs","volume":"31","author":"Smith E. S. O.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Weisz J. G. T. RossandP. P.Stolley(1984)Report of the Public Board of Inquiry on Depo Provera. FDA(unpublished) October 26 1984 pp.1\u2013207."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(15)33279-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of female sex hormones on fetal development and infant health. Report of a WHO Scientific Group","volume":"657","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1981","journal-title":"Technical Report Series"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"199","article-title":"Facts about injectable contraceptives","volume":"60","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"}],"container-title":["Teratology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Ftera.1420380108","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tera.1420380108","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T16:52:37Z","timestamp":1697993557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/tera.1420380108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/tera.1420380108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tera.1420380108","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0040-3709","1096-9926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0040-3709","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,7]]}}}