{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T17:28:12Z","timestamp":1767374892341},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6056,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Teratology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The teratogenic and postnatal developmental effects of morphine exposure during pregnancy were studied in Sprague\u2010Dawley rats in three separate experiments using chronically implanted osmotic minipumps in order to avoid respiratory depression. In the first experiment, the teratogenic effects of three different morphine dosages were studied: a low dose (10 mg\/kg\/day), an intermediate dose (35 mg\/kg\/day), and a high dose (70 mg\/kg\/ day). On day 5 of gestation, osmotic minipumps that deliver their contents at a constant rate for 15 days were implanted subcutaneously on the back of the rats. On day 20 of gestation, cesarean sections were performed, reproductive indices were determined, and fetuses were examined externally and then preserved for subsequent visceral and skeletal examinations. The pregnancy rate was significantly reduced at the intermediate and high doses to 57% and 6%, respectively (control, 83%). No teratogenic effects were observed at any dosage, but growth retardation was present in the intermediate\u2010dose group. In the second experiment, postnatal survival of the offspring of dams treated with either normal saline, morphine (35 mg\/kg\/day); or the synthetic opioid, fentanyl (500 \u03bcg\/kg\/day) were studied. Offspring of morphine\u2010treated dams had a significantly higher mortality rate, which peaked at 56% within 2 days. No effect was seen after fentanyl treatment. In the third experiment, pups of morphine\u2010treated dams were cross\u2010fostered by saline\u2010treated dams; the postnatal mortality in offspring of morphine\u2010treated dams remained high (62%). Our results indicate that doses of morphine up to 35 mg\/kg\/day delivered by osmotic minipumps are not teratogenic in rats but cause other adverse fetal effects that result in increased postnatal mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420380502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T13:12:57Z","timestamp":1118495577000},"page":"401-410","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Teratogenic and postnatal developmental studies of morphine in Sprague\u2010Dawley rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Fujinaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard I.","family":"Mazze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600621010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051270303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600720707"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Prenatal morphine effects on survival and behavior of rat offspring","volume":"3","author":"Davis W. 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