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Pain was elicited when the head\u2010neck junction and the cervical vertebrae were palpated, and a bony abnormality was palpated at the occiput and atlas. Clinical signs of upper motor neuron and general proprioceptive deficits in all four limbs were compatible with a focal lesion in the cervical spinal cord. Plain radiographs of the head and neck revealed malformation of the occipital bones, atlas, and axis, unilateral atlanto\u2010occipital fusion, and atlanto\u2010axial sub\u2010luxation. At necropsy the right half of the atlantal neural arch was fused to the right exoccipital bone. On the axis, the dens was small, malformed, and deviated to the left; the transverse processes were enlarged; and the spinous process was small with a cleft caudally. The spinal cord was severely compressed at the level of the atlanto\u2010axial articulation, and histological examination revealed extensive loss of neuronal cell bodies, axons, myelin, and the central canal. Reactive astrogliosis was also extensive. After a discussion of normal and abnormal development of the vertebral column and its joints, it was concluded that a failure of normal joint development at about 30 days of gestation in the dog could lead to congenital occipito\u2010atlanto\u2010axial malformation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420380508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T13:12:57Z","timestamp":1118495577000},"page":"451-459","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Morphology and embryological interpretation of a congenital occipito\u2010atlanto\u2010axial malformation in a dog"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Alastair G.","family":"Watson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"de Lahunta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard E.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics","author":"Adams H. 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