{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T05:51:42Z","timestamp":1763704302834},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5964,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Teratology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Limb reduction defects occurring among 1,213,913 consecutive livebirths in British Columbia during the period 1952\u20131984 inclusive were reviewed. A total of 659 cases of limb reduction defects were identified, 393 of them involving the long bones and 190 of them more than one limb. The time period 1966\u20131984, during which ascertainment was consistent, was evaluated, and an incidence of 5.97 per 10,000 livebirths (1 in 1,692 live births) was found. The data were evaluated for trends over time, sex ratio, and regional and ethnic distribution. Associated anomalies of other organ systems in these cases were analyzed, and overall about one\u2010half of the cases have additional defects. The majority of these additional defects affect the musculoskeletal system and include such entities as clubfoot, hip dislocation, and congenital contractures. Defects are also frequent in other organ systems, such as the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary systems. By far the most common limb defects are terminal longitudinal defects then terminal transverse defects. Of all cases of limb defects, 75% are upper limb and 25% lower limb. We found no evidence that one side is affected more frequently.<\/jats:p><jats:p>About 6.5% of cases had another family member registered with a skeletal defect; 12.9% of cases died within the first year of life, the majority (85%) of those dying having additional defects. Etiological considerations are discussed for some subgroups. A classification system for limb defects suitable for use by registries using the World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification Disease (ICD) 9th Revision is described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420390205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T15:13:34Z","timestamp":1118502814000},"page":"127-135","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["Limb reduction defects in over one million consecutive livebirths"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Ursula G.","family":"Froster\u2010Iskenius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3001775"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/11.3.239"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Measuring birth defects and handicapping disorders in the population: The British Columbia Health Surveillance Registry","volume":"136","author":"Baird P. A.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"466","article-title":"Congenital malformations: Preliminary report of an investigation of reduction deformities of the limbs, triggered by a pilot surveillance system","volume":"103","author":"Banister P.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/4.1.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00285024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"506","volume-title":"Congenital Deformities of the Hand and Forearm","author":"Burtch R. L.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1961.tb01501.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Congenital Defects","author":"Flynt J. W.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196143080-00012","article-title":"Congenital skeletal limb deficiencies","volume":"43","author":"Frantz C. H.","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1984.tb01102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"An International Terminology for the Classification of Congenital Limb Deficiencies","volume":"93","author":"Henkel H.\u2010L.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Traumat. Surg."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420290109"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"505","article-title":"Congenital deformities associated with the use of thalidomide during pregnancy, British Columbia, 1961\u201362","volume":"54","author":"Larsen A.","year":"1963","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1111892"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110861082-044","volume-title":"Teratology of the Limbs","author":"McCredie J.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"503","article-title":"The value of human abortuses in the surveillance of developmental anomalies II. Reduction deformities of the limbs","volume":"103","author":"Miller J. R.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Pfeiffer R. A. andR.Santelmann(1977)Limb anomalies in chromosomal aberrations. B.D.O.A.S. XIII(1):319\u2013337."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"An epidemiological study of congenital reduction deformities of the limbs","volume":"31","author":"Smith E. S. O.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br. J. Prev. Soc. 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