{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T10:06:08Z","timestamp":1760954768026},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5936,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Teratology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nimustine hydrochloride (ACNU) is a nitrosourea derivative anticancer agent which has been shown to cause persistent truncus arteriosus in chick embryos. The objective of this study was to confirm the teratogenic effects of ACNU on the cardiovascular system of chick embryos and to determine whether ACNU induces persistent truncus arteriosus by interfering with neural crest cells. Various doses of ACNU ranging from 10 to 200 \u03bcg were injected under the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos on the third day of incubation. Saline solution was used as the control. After 10 to 11 days of incubation, 242 (46%) survivors of the 524 treated eggs were obtained. The survival rates of the embryos and the frequencies of cardiovascular anomalies were dose dependent. Of 146 embryos with cardiovascular anomalies, 104 (71%) had persistent truncus arteriosus. Ventricular septal defect and double\u2010outlet right ventricle were seen in 37 (25%) and one (1%), respectively. Aortic arch anomalies were seen in 116 embryos (79%). Quail\u2010chick chimeras (chick embryos with quail cardiac neural crest) were treated with 50 \u03bcg of ACNU and examined histologically 24 hours later. These chimeras showed dying neural crest cells in the pharyngeal arches. Dying cells were also noted in the neural tube, cranial ganglia, retina, and otocyst. These results suggest that persistent truncus arteriosus in chick embryos treated with ACNU is induced by neural crest cell death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420390310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,12]],"date-time":"2005-06-12T04:07:07Z","timestamp":1118549227000},"page":"287-294","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Pathogenesis of persistent truncus arteriosus induced by nimustine hydrochloride in chick embryos"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Sachiko","family":"Miyagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret L.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.73.2.360"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6606851"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001800403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"699","article-title":"Review of mechanism of action studies of the nitrosoureas","volume":"60","author":"Bono V. 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D.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"902","article-title":"Persistent truncus arteriosus in a lamb","volume":"43","author":"Milstein J. M.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420380602"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"991","article-title":"Mechanism of action of 1\u2010(4\u2010amino\u20102\u2010methylpyrimidin\u20105\u2010yl) methyl\u20103\u2010)2\u2010chlorethyl)\u20103\u2010nitrosourea (ACNU) in leukemia cells (in Japanese)","volume":"5","author":"Nakamura T.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gan to Kagaku Ryoho"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1295499"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.75.1.255"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Congenital Anomalies of the Heart. Embryologic, Morphologic and Experimental Teratology","author":"Okamoto N.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00519097"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.60.1.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4831-9949-8.50012-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00254013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.18pt2.199"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"575","article-title":"Distribution, excretion, and metabolism of 3 \u2010 [(4 \u2010 amino \u2010 2 \u2010 methyl \u2010 5 \u2010 pyrimidinyl) methyl] \u2010 1 \u2010 (2 \u2010 chloroethyl) \u2010 nitrosourea (ACNU) in rats and mice after iv administration","volume":"64","author":"Tanaka M.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. 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