{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T07:06:39Z","timestamp":1791011199201,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5691,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Teratology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is a by\u2010product of the chlorine disinfection of water containing natural organic material. It is detectable in finished drinking water at levels comparable to the trihalomethanes (30\u2013160 \u03bcg\/L). TCA is also formed in vivo after ingestion of hypochlorite and has been identified as a major metabolite of chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene. The developmental effects of TCA were evaluated in the pregnant Long\u2010Evans rat. Animals were dosed by oral intubation on gestation days 6\u201315 (plug = 0) with 0, 330, 800, 1,200 or 1,800 mg\/kg\/day. The vehicle control was distilled water. Maternal observations included clinical signs, weight change, and gross evaluation of organ weights and uterine contents at necropsy (day 20). Live fetuses were examined for external, skeletal, and soft tissue malformations. There were no maternal deaths associated with toxicity prior to sacrifice. Weight gain during treatment was reduced at 800, 1,200, and 1,800 mg\/kg. Spleen and kidney weights were increased in a dose\u2010related manner. The mean percent of resorbed implants per litter was 34, 62, and 90 at 800, 1,200, and 1,800 mg\/kg, respectively. Live fetuses showed dose\u2010dependent reductions in weight and length. The mean frequency of soft tissue malformations ranged from 9% at the low dose to 97% at the high dose. These were principally in the cardiovascular system (interventricular septal defect, levocardia). Skeletal malformations were found only at 1,200 and 1,800 mg\/kg and were mainly in the orbit. Based on these observations TCA was considered to be developmentally toxic in the pregnant rat at doses of 330 mg\/kg and above.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420400506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T15:45:26Z","timestamp":1118504726000},"page":"445-451","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Teratogenic activity of trichloroacetic acid in the rat"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"M. K.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. L.","family":"Randall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. J.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Stober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"An Evaluation of Animal and Human Data","author":"Barlow S. M.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Pharmacokinetics in Teratogenesis","author":"Brown N. 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(Suppl. 11):128\u2013139.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-72558-6_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"289","article-title":"The excretion of sodium trichloroacetate","volume":"82","author":"Paykoc Z. V.","year":"1945","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.3.751"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"A37","article-title":"Detection of visceral alterations in mammalian fetuses","volume":"9","author":"Staples R. E.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1983.tb05213.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2530629"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1965.tb12260.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Statistical Principles in Experimental Design","author":"Winer B. 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