{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T20:04:29Z","timestamp":1760645069913},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5175,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Teratology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A fraction from diabetic rat serum containing a low\u2010molecular\u2010weight (800\u20131000) somatomedin inhibitor (SI) alters growth and development in both neurulation and early limb bud staged mouse embryos in vitro. Previous studies suggested that an accumulation of serum proteins and morphological changes of the visceral yolk sac (VYS) were produced following exposure to the SI in early limb bud staged conceptuses. The morphological changes, characterized by the presence of large endosomes in the endodermal cells, suggested that the SI altered histiotrophic nutrition, whereby proteins are pinocytosed by the endodermal VYS cells and degraded to constituent amino acids. Therefore, the effects of the SI on pinocytosis and protein degradation by the VYS were evaluated using the whole embryo culture system. Results showed that the SI reduced fluid phase pinocytosis as determined by the uptake of [U\u2010<jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>C]sucrose, but that accumulation of [<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H]leucine\u2010labeled hemoglobin ([<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H]Hb) by the VYS was greater following exposure to the SI than in controls. In contrast, the accumulation of <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H\u2010labeled amino acids in the embryo (produced from the degradation of [<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H]Hb by the VYS) was reduced by the SI. The extent of amino acid reduction in embryonic accumulation is dependent upon the concentration of SI in the culture medium and correlates with the incidence of malformations produced by the SI, i.e., high rates of malformations occur with large reductions in embryonic <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H\u2010labeled amino acid accumulation. The apparent paradox of high [<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H]Hb accumulation in the presence of decreased pinocytosis appears to be the result of altered processing of the [<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H]Hb in the endodermal cells. The altered processing decreases the \u201celimination\u201d of the proteins from the VYS and results in the decrease in <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H\u2010labeled amino acid present in the embryo proper. Therefore, the SI appears to alter two processes of VYS histiotrophic function: (1) decreased pinocytosis and (2) altered protein processing, ultimately resulting in a decreased availability of substrates for the embryo. During the early stages of embryogenesis in the human, the trophoblast cells of the placenta are responsible for the transport of nutrients from the maternal to embryonic systems. Since these cells show high phagocytic and pinocytotic activities, the SI may also disrupt these processes in the chorioallantoic placenta and contribute to diabetes\u2010induced embryopathies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420430408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T18:49:34Z","timestamp":1118515774000},"page":"331-340","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Altered visceral yolk sac function produced by a low\u2010molecular\u2010weight somatomedin inhibitor"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"suffix":"III","given":"E. S.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. S.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. 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