{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T22:30:58Z","timestamp":1759530658141},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,7]],"date-time":"2005-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1118102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4085,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Teratology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coniine, an alkaloid from <jats:italic>Conium maculatum<\/jats:italic> (poison hemlock), has been shown to be teratogenic in livestock. The major ter\u2010atogenic outcome is arthrogryposis, presumably due to nicotinic receptor blockade. However, coniine has failed to produce arthrogryposis in rats or mice and is only weakly teratogenic in rabbits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of coniine and nicotine in the developing chick. Concentrations of coniine and nicotine sulfate were 0.015%, 0.03%, 0.075%, 0.15%, 0.75%, 1.5%, 3%, and 6% and 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. Both compounds caused deformations and lethality in a dose\u2010dependent manner. All concentrations of nicotine sulfate caused some lethality but a no effect level for coniine lethality was 0.75%. The deformations caused by both coniine and nicotine sulfate were excessive flexion or extension of one or more toes. No histopathological alterations or differences in bone formation were seen in the limbs or toes of any chicks from any group; however, extensive cranial hemorrhage occurred in all nicotine sulfate\u2010treated chicks. There was a statistically significant (P \u2264 0.01) decrease in movement in coniine and nicotine sulfate treated chicks as determined by ultrasound. Control chicks were in motion an average of 33.67% of the time, while coniine\u2010treated chicks were only moving 8.95% of a 5\u2010min interval, and no movement was observed for nicotine sulfate treated chicks. In summary, the chick embryo provides a reliable and simple experimental animal model of coniine\u2010induced arthrogryposis. Data from this model support a mechanism involving nicotinic receptor blockade with subsequent decreased fetal movement. \u00a9 1994 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420490410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T16:01:53Z","timestamp":1118505713000},"page":"306-310","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effect of coniine on the developing chick embryo"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"C. S.","family":"Forsyth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. A.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. J.","family":"Watrous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. A.","family":"Bohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(62)90399-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420480110"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Arthrogryposis","volume":"39","author":"Hall J. G.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050880104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"The effect of paralysis on skeletal development in the chick embry o. I. General effects","volume":"177","author":"Hosseini A.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"The effect of paralysis on skeletal development in the chick embry o. I. Effects on histogenesis of the tibia","volume":"177","author":"Hosseini A.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Pathology of the Domestic Animals","author":"Jubb K. V. F.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563657809149583"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Teratogenicity and toxicity of coniine in cows, ewes, and mares","volume":"70","author":"Keeler R. F.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cornell Vet."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401430109"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Panter K. E.(1983)Toxicity and teratogenicity of Conium maculatum in swine and hamsters. Ph.D. thesis. University of Illinois Urbana Illinois."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"2064","article-title":"Congenital skeletal malformations induced by maternal ingestion of Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) in newborn pigs","volume":"46","author":"Panter K. E.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658809000345"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659008993477"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Genetic mutations. In: Pathogenesis of the Avian Embryo","author":"Romanoff A. L.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"602","article-title":"Effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on biochemical development of rat brain regions: Maternal drug infusions via osmotic minipumps","volume":"240","author":"Slotkin T. A.","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."}],"container-title":["Teratology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Ftera.1420490410","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tera.1420490410","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T06:51:16Z","timestamp":1698130276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/tera.1420490410"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,4]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/tera.1420490410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tera.1420490410","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0040-3709","1096-9926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0040-3709","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,4]]}}}