{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:01:50Z","timestamp":1791568910343,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,12]],"date-time":"2003-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1063324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":254,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The toxic effect of benomyl on the embryogenesis of <jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic> was investigated, and the tissues most affected by benomyl were identified. The toxicity of benomyl at various concentrations (5\u201320 \u03bcM) was tested with the <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic> frog embryo teratogenesis assay (FETAX), used with slight modification. All test embryos subjected to 20 \u03bcM of benomyl died, and exposure to 10 and 15 \u03bcM benomyl produced growth inhibition and 11 types of severe external malformations. Histological examination of the test embryos showed dysplasia of the brain, eyes, intestine, otic vesicle, and muscle and swelling of the pronephric ducts and integuments. Among the tissues and organs affected, malformation of neural tissue was the most severe. The presumptive ectoderm isolated from st. 9 embryo was cultured in 10 ng\/mL of activin A to induce neural tissue and mesoderm. When it was cultured with 10 ng\/mL of activin A in the presence of 1 and 10 \u03bcM of benomyl, neural tissue induction was inhibited more severely than that of any other tissue. The gene expression of cultivated explants was investigated by reverse transcription\u2013polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010PCR) assay in order to study the inhibition of neural tissue by benomyl. The results showed that with increasing benomyl concentration, the expression of the neural\u2010specific marker NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule), was more strongly inhibited than the muscle\u2010specific marker muscle actin. Electron micrographs of test explants showed many residual yolk platelets and mitochondrial degeneration. In the present investigation the most severe toxic effects of benomyl were seen in the nerve tissues of the <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic> embryo. This inhibition of neural development may have been caused by the inhibition of the assembly of neural microtubules and by the effect of benomyl on neuronal proliferation and migration. \u00a9 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 327\u2013337, 2003.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.10133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,16]],"date-time":"2003-09-16T13:37:09Z","timestamp":1063719429000},"page":"327-337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The fungicide benomyl inhibits differentiation of neural tissue in the <i>Xenopus<\/i> embryo and animal cap explants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Chun\u2010Sik","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung\u2010Hyo","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joo\u2010Hung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun\u2010Joo","family":"Youn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seon\u2010Woo","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"407","article-title":"Dose and time\u2010dependent mesoderm induction and outgrowth formation by activin A in Xenopus laevis","volume":"35","author":"Ariizumi T","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-169X.1994.00499.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"[ASTM] American Society for Testing and Materials.1998.Standard guide for conducting the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay\u2013Xenopus (FETAX). 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