{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:06:18Z","timestamp":1791111978341,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,2]],"date-time":"2007-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1183334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The toxic and genotoxic potential of Cadmium (CdCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) were evaluated by the micronucleus test (MNT) and comet assay (CA) using amphibian larvae (<jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pleurodeles waltl<\/jats:italic>). Acute toxicity results showed that Cd is toxic to <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic> larvae exposed from 2 to 50 mg\/L and to <jats:italic>Pleurodeles<\/jats:italic> from 5 to 50 mg\/L, depending on the nature of the water (reconstituted water containing mineral salts or mineral water MW (Volvic\u00ae)). The MNT results obtained in MW showed that Cd (2 mg\/L) is genotoxic to <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic>, whereas it was not genotoxic to <jats:italic>Pleurodeles<\/jats:italic> at all concentrations tested. The CA established that the genotoxicity of Cd to <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pleurodeles<\/jats:italic> larvae depends on the concentration, the exposure times, and the comet parameters (Tail DNA, ETM, OTM, and TL). The CA and MNT results were compared for their ability to detect genotoxic effects, considering the concentrations of Cd applied and the exposure time. The CA showed Cd to be genotoxic from the first day of exposure. In amphibians, the CA appears to be a sensitive and suitable method for detecting genotoxicity such as that caused by Cd. \u00a9 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 22: 422\u2013435, 2007.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,2]],"date-time":"2007-07-02T20:21:15Z","timestamp":1183407675000},"page":"422-435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Comparative evaluation of the toxicity and genotoxicity of cadmium in amphibian larvae (<i>Xenopus laevis<\/i> and <i>Pleurodeles waltl<\/i>) using the comet assay and the micronucleus test"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Mouchet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Gauthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Baudrimont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Mailhes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Ferrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Devaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"AFNOR.2000.Association fran\u00e7aise de normalisation NF T90\u2010325. Qualit\u00e9 de l'eau\u2014Evaluation de la g\u00e9notoxicit\u00e9 au moyen de larves d'amphibiens (Xenopus laevis Pleurodeles waltl). France: AFNOR.17p."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/13.1.67"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-053X(01)00075-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(98)00062-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2004.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f90-237"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"132","volume-title":"Recent Advances in Fish Toxicology","author":"Chapman GA","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00287-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)29:3<277::AID-EM8>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao022059"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"The comet assay. Principles,applications, and limitations","volume":"203","author":"Collins AR","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Induction of micronuclei in peripheral erythrocytes of fish Heteropneustes fossilis by mitomycin C and paper mill effluent","volume":"75","author":"Das RK","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-1136(97)00105-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001280000111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1110(94)00013-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/2.4.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/4.1.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1161(93)90010-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"507","article-title":"Genotoxicity tests in amphibians\u2014A review. Microscale testing in aquatic toxicology: advances,techniques and practice","volume":"35","author":"Ferrier V","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2003.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-445X(03)00042-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.2001.2134"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"377","article-title":"Chromosomal effects of cadmium exposure in humans","volume":"118","author":"Forni A","year":"1992","journal-title":"IARC Sci Publ"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0269-7491(91)90035-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"698","volume-title":"DNA Repair and Mutagenesis","author":"Friedberg G","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Tables de d\u00e9veloppement chez Pleurodeles waltl","volume":"91","author":"Galien L","year":"1957","journal-title":"Bull Biol Fr Belg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"The amphibian micronucleus test,a model for in vivo monitoring of genotoxic aquatic pollution","volume":"14","author":"Gauthier L","year":"1996","journal-title":"Alytes Int J Batrachol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2003.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7202\/705177ar"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2860080105"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/18.1.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Role of DNA repair inhibition in lead\u2010 and cadmium\u2010induced genotoxicity: A review","volume":"3","author":"Hartwig A","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(98)00312-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Cadmium\u2010induced production of superoxide anion and nitric oxide, DNA single strands breaks and lactate dehydrogenase leakage in J774A.1","volume":"112","author":"Hassoun EA","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell Cult Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","series-title":"Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans and their supplements, Lists of evaluations","first-page":"440","author":"IARC","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","series-title":"Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Beryllium, cadmium, mercury, and exposures in the glass manufacturing industry","first-page":"41","author":"IARC","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","series-title":"Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Beryllium, cadmium, mercury, and exposures in the glass manufacturing industry","first-page":"119","author":"IARC","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Cadmium","volume":"134","author":"IPCS","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ Health Criteria"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2004.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Tests for detection of genotoxins in freshwater","volume":"2","author":"Jaylet A","year":"1990","journal-title":"Aquat Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1161(86)90058-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2850100307"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.06.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2003.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2683468"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(93)90207-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-445X(01)00145-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01688371"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(97)00252-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20080"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390590930234"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20180"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2006.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-4959(03)00051-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(99)00164-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-445X(96)00016-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Normal Tables of Xenopus laevis (Daudin)","author":"Nieuwkoop PD","year":"1956"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3577587"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(84)90411-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(85)90033-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(00)00162-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(01)00282-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(99)00096-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(98)00232-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f93-290"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f93-291"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026119290203000104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(98)00024-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2280(1998)31:4<374::AID-EM10>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2280(1996)28:2<112::AID-EM7>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1139\/f98-187","article-title":"Natural and commercial dissolved organic matter protects against the physiological effects of a combined cadmium and copper exposure in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"56","author":"Richards JG","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(98)00313-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(88)90265-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","series-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology","first-page":"203","volume-title":"DNA Repair Protocols: Eucaryotic Systems","author":"Speit G","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(96)00125-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2280(2000)35:3<206::AID-EM8>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5742(01)00070-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00305-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-445X(88)90037-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(83)80007-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315109244-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-3808-0_19"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Ftox.20267","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tox.20267","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T04:29:26Z","timestamp":1700022566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/tox.20267"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,2]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/tox.20267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tox.20267","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-4081","1522-7278"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-4081","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-7278","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-12-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-02-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-07-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}