{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:46:35Z","timestamp":1777610795821,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,5]],"date-time":"2010-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1286236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although there have been advances in the fields of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy of tongue cancer, the cure rates are still not substantially satisfactory. Capsaicin (trans\u20108\u2010methyl\u2010<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010vanillyl\u20106\u2010nonenamide) is the major pungent ingredient of hot chili pepper and has been reported to have an antitumor effect on many human cancer cell types. The molecular mechanisms of the antitumor effect of capsaicin are not yet completely understood. Herein, we investigated whether capsaicin induces apoptosis in human tongue cancer cells. Capsaicin decreased the percentage of viable cells in a dose\u2010dependent manner in human tongue cancer SCC\u20104 cells. In addition, capsaicin produced DNA fragmentation, decreased the DNA contents (sub\u2010G1 phase), and induced G0\/G1 phase arrest in SCC\u20104 cells. We demonstrated that capsaicin\u2010induced apoptosis is associated with an increase in reactive oxygen species and Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> generations and a disruption of the mitochondrial transmenbrane potential (\u0394\u03a8<jats:sub>m)<\/jats:sub>. Treatment with capsaicin induced a dramatic increase in caspase\u20103 and \u20109 activities, as assessed by flow cytometric methods. A possible mechanism of capsaicin\u2010induced apoptosis is involved in the activation of caspase\u20103 (one of the apoptosis\u2010executing enzyme). Confocal laser microscope examination also showed that capsaicin induced the releases of AIF, ATF\u20104, and GADD153 from mitochondria of SCC\u20104 cells. \u00a9 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,5]],"date-time":"2010-10-05T20:55:34Z","timestamp":1286312134000},"page":"332-341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Capsaicin induces apoptosis in SCC\u20104 human tongue cancer cells through mitochondria\u2010dependent and \u2010independent pathways"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Siu\u2010Wan","family":"Ip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng\u2010Hui","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"An\u2010Cheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jai\u2010Sing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya\u2010Yin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui\u2010Ying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zen\u2010Pin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan\u2010Man","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei\u2010Due","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang\u2010Fang","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing\u2010Gung","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04582.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200800094"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"945","article-title":"Emodin, aloe\u2010emodin and rhein induced DNA damage and inhibited DNA repair gene expression in SCC\u20104 human tongue cancer cells","volume":"30","author":"Chen YY","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.13.1042"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023620821878"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.17.1281"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Capsaicin\u2010induced apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells","volume":"29","author":"Huang SP","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2004.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-03-1670"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf901308p"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.153007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760410001665262"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","first-page":"327","article-title":"Emodin induces apoptosis of human tongue squamous cancer SCC\u20104 cells through reactive oxygen species and mitochondria\u2010dependent pathways","volume":"29","author":"Lin SY","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116993"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-009-0067-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-0087"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600614"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2007.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-007-9082-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1044-7431(03)00121-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/17135"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","first-page":"4361","article-title":"Curcumin\u2010induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human acute promyelocytic leukemia HL\u201060 cells via MMP changes and caspase\u20103 activation","volume":"26","author":"Tan TW","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anticancer Res B"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600461"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2006.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.10.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsb836"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-008-0278-6"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Ftox.20646","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tox.20646","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]],"date-time":"2023-10-08T09:29:13Z","timestamp":1696757353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/tox.20646"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,5]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/tox.20646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tox.20646","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-4081","1522-7278"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-4081","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-7278","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-04-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-07-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-10-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}