{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:41:58Z","timestamp":1789018918512,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]],"date-time":"2018-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis may play a major role in the development of radiation\u2010induced liver damage. Betaine, a native compound widely present in beetroot, was reported to possess hepato\u2010protective properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of betaine on radiation\u2010induced liver damage. Animals were exposed to 9 Gy applied in 3 doses of 3 Gy\/wk. Betaine (400 mg\/kg\/d), was orally supplemented to rats after the first radiation dose, and daily during the irradiation period. Animals were sacrificed 1 day after the last dose of radiation. The results showed that irradiation has induced oxidative stress in the liver denoted by a significant elevation in malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and 8\u2010hydroxy\u20102\u2010deoxyguanosine with a significant reduction in catalase activity and glutathione (GSH) content. The activity of the detoxification enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP450) increased while GSH transferase (GSH\u2010T) decreased. The activity of the apoptotic marker caspase\u20103 increased concomitant with increased hyaluronic acid, hydroxyproline, laminin (LN), and collagen IV. These alterations were associated with a significant increase of gamma\u2010glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase and alanine and aspartate aminotransferase markers of liver dysfunction. Betaine treatment has significantly attenuated oxidative stress, decreased the activity of CYP450, enhanced GSH\u2010T, reduced the activity of caspase\u20103, and the level of fibrotic markers concomitant with a significant improvement of liver function. In conclusion, betaine through its antioxidant activity and by enhancing liver detoxification and reducing apoptosis may alleviate the progression of liver fibrosis and exert a beneficial impact on radiation\u2010induced liver damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T06:15:13Z","timestamp":1539324913000},"page":"123-130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Role of betaine in liver injury induced by the exposure to ionizing radiation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2544-2791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shereen M.","family":"Shedid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Biology Research Department National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEA)  Cairo 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