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Here, the effects of two different dosages (300 and 1200\u2009mg\/kg) of TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs on female mice (n = 5) were investigated. After 28\u2010day oral exposure, the results of Ti content were significantly increased in the ileum in comparison with the control. The histopathological structure index of the ileum was significantly changed after TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs exposure; villi height and crypt depth were decreased and increased, respectively. Meanwhile, TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs treatment also significantly altered the transcription levels of genes. First, the <jats:italic>GATA\u20103<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>STAT\u20104<\/jats:italic> were upregulation and downregulation, respectively. Second, gene expressions of the Zonula Occludens\u20101, claudin (<jats:italic>CLDN<\/jats:italic>)<jats:italic>\u201012<\/jats:italic>, occludin, and myosin light chain kinase were significantly upregulated, while the <jats:italic>CLDN\u20103<\/jats:italic> was decreased. Finally, the <jats:italic>caspase\u20103<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>caspase\u20109<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>caspase\u201012<\/jats:italic> were upregulated. The results of TUNEL staining indicated apoptosis in the ileum. In general, TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs treatment significantly changed the intestine physical barrier in a dose\u2010dependent manner. The toxicity of TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs could be through the imbalance in the Th1\/Th2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,25]],"date-time":"2020-04-25T09:00:18Z","timestamp":1587805218000},"page":"982-990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Oral exposure of titanium oxide nanoparticles induce ileum physical barrier dysfunction via Th1\/Th2 imbalance"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Liyang","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University  Nanchang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhou","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University  Nanchang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bolu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University  Nanchang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wuding","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University  Nanchang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University  Nanchang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University  Nanchang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoraida P.","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zystein, LLC  Fayetteville Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0457-9665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hengyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University  Nanchang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. 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