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Betel nut chewing is also associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the role of arecoline in this association is unclear. This in vitro study investigates the effects of arecoline on cultured human kidney (HK2) cells. We observed that arecoline had no effect on cell viability but increased cell migration in a dose\u2010dependent manner. Western blot analysis showed that arecoline treatment caused a dose\u2010dependent decrease in E\u2010cadherin expression and dose\u2010dependent increases in N\u2010cadherin, vimentin, \u03b1\u2010SMA, and collagen expression; reverse transcriptase\u2010polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed dose\u2010dependent increases in \u03b1\u2010SMA and collagen mRNA. Arecoline treatment upregulated the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal\u2010regulated kinase through epithelial mesenchymal transition and renal fibrosis in HK2 cells. These findings demonstrate that arecoline plays a role in inducing the epithelial mesenchymal transition and fibrogenesis in renal tubule cells and suggest that arecoline promotes the progression of CKD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,22]],"date-time":"2020-05-22T10:25:40Z","timestamp":1590143140000},"page":"1007-1014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Arecoline induces epithelial mesenchymal transition in<scp>HK2<\/scp>cells by upregulating the<scp>ERK<\/scp>\u2010mediated signaling pathway"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4942-1888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi\u2010Hsien","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan 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