{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T21:02:16Z","timestamp":1790542936917,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) arises from the epithelium of the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Elderly people above the age of 65\u2009years are more susceptible to NPC. Nasopharyngectomy is the renowned treatment procedure to NPC; however, it is too risky due to its complicated surgical procedure. Other treatment methods also reported with serious side effects such brain injury; hence, the alternative anticancer drug without any side effects was needed. Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid derived from marine algae with the numerous pharmacological functions. This study aims to examine the inhibitory potential in NPC cell proliferation via apoptosis and autophagy. The cytotoxicity of fucoxanthin on C666\u20101 cells was observed by the MTT assay. The expression of autophagy\u2010linked proteins was assessed with immunoblotting analysis. The expression of autophagy protein LC3 was estimated using immunocytochemical analysis in C666\u20101 and GFP\u2010LC3 transfected cells. Furthermore, the fucoxanthin\u2010treated C666\u20101 cells were analyzed with TUNEL assay. The apoptotic level in the fucoxanthin\u2010treated C666\u20101 cells was evaluated using acridine orange staining. Fucoxanthin significantly increased the expression of autophagy\u2010linked proteins which is clearly depicted in the immunoblotting analysis and immunocytochemical analysis of GFP\u2010tagged LC3 protein. The results of TUNEL assay of fucoxanthin\u2010treated C666\u20101 in the presence autophagy inhibitors demonstrated the induction of autophagy by fucoxanthin. Acridine orange staining results of C666\u20101 confirmed fucoxanthin decreases the expression of autophagy\u2010linked proteins during stressed condition thereby causes apoptosis. Our overall results authentically conclude that fucoxanthin induces autophagy and apoptosis in NPC cell line, and it can be ideal agent to treat nasopharyngeal cancer in future with further investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T12:43:31Z","timestamp":1590410611000},"page":"1082-1090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Fucoxanthin treatment inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell proliferation through induction of autophagy mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine Kunming Yuanan Hospital  Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianbao","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Yunnan First People's Hospital  Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiquan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 920 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force  Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunmin","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Yunnan First People's Hospital  Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Kunming Tongren Hospital  Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8564-7510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 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