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This study determined the difference in autophagy induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and single\u2010walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in respiratory epithelial cells. ICP\u2010OES results showed that NPs uptake as well as the intercellular contents of particles affected cytotoxicity in a dose\u2010dependent manner. ZnO NPs\u201030\u2009nm had a distinct green dot structure representing autophagy, the SWCNTs exposure group had a few green light spots at a concentration of 10 \u03bcg\/L. The ROS content of the ZnO NP\u201030\u2009nm exposure group had the greatest increase at a concentration of 1000\u2009\u03bcg\/L, which was 2.5 times higher than that of the control, the SWCNTs exposure group showed a 2.2\u2010fold increase. A slight downregulation of p\u2010mTOR was detected, and the ZnO NPs\u201030\u2009nm treatment group had the significant downregulation rate. The gene and protein expression levels of Beclin\u20101 and LC3B were upregulated as the exposure concentration increased. The protein expression of Beclin\u20101 and LC3B in the 1000\u2009\u03bcg\/L ZnO NPs\u201030\u2009nm exposure group were 5.21 times and 4.12 times that of the control, respectively. The mRNA expression of Beclin\u20101 and LC3B in the 1000\u2009\u03bcg\/L ZnO NPs\u201030\u2009nm exposure group were 5.04 times and 3.61 times that of the control, respectively. At any concentration, the effect of ZnO NPs\u201030\u2009nm was greater than that of the SWCNTs. Interaction and crosstalk analysis showed that exposure to ZnO NPs\u201030\u2009nm caused autophagy through the aggregation of undegraded autophagosomes, whereas SWCNTs exposure induced diminished intercellular oxidative stress to inhibit autophagy. Therefore, this study demonstrated that the effects of autophagy induced by ZnO NPs\u201030\u2009nm and SWCNTs were different. The health risks of ZnO\u201030\u2009nm NPs are higher than those of SWCNTs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T13:38:39Z","timestamp":1600609119000},"page":"238-248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["More serious autophagy can be induced by <scp>ZnO<\/scp> nanoparticles than single\u2010walled carbon nanotubes in rat tracheal epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Hangjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University  Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feifei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University  Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 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