{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:55:16Z","timestamp":1786978516953,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P42ES023716 1R01HL149351\u201001 1R01HL138992 1R01HL137229 P20GM113226 R35ES028373 R01ES032189 T32ES011564 P30ES030283 R21ES031510 1R01HL149351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P42ES023716 1R01HL149351\u201001 1R01HL138992 1R01HL137229 P20GM113226 R35ES028373 R01ES032189 T32ES011564 P30ES030283 R21ES031510 1R01HL149351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vinyl chloride (VC) is an organochlorine mainly used to manufacture its polymer polyvinyl chloride, which is extensively used in the manufacturing of consumer products. Recent studies suggest that chronic low dose VC exposure affects glucose homeostasis in high fat diet\u2010fed mice. Our data suggest that even in the absence of high fat diet, exposure to VC (0.8\u00a0ppm, 6\u00a0h\/day, 5\u00a0day\/week, for 12\u2009weeks) induces glucose intolerance (1.0\u00a0g\/kg, i.p.) in male C57BL\/6 mice. This was accompanied with the depletion of hepatic glutathione and a modest increase in lung interstitial macrophages. VC exposure did not affect the levels of circulating immune cells, endothelial progenitor cells, platelet\u2010immune cell aggregates, and cytokines and chemokines. The acute challenge of VC\u2010exposed mice with LPS did not affect lung immune cell composition or plasma IL\u20106. To examine the effect of VC exposure on vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, LDL receptor\u2010KO mice on C57BL\/6 background maintained on western diet were exposed to VC for 12\u2009weeks (0.8\u00a0ppm, 6\u00a0h\/day, 5\u00a0day\/week). Unlike the WT C57BL\/6 mice, VC exposure did not affect glucose tolerance in the LDL receptor\u2010KO mice. Plasma cytokines, lesion area in the aortic valve, and markers of lesional inflammation in VC\u2010exposed LDL receptor\u2010KO mice were comparable with the air\u2010exposed controls. Collectively, despite impaired glucose tolerance and modest pulmonary inflammation, chronic low dose VC exposure does not affect surrogate markers of cardiovascular injury, LPS\u2010induced acute inflammation in C57BL\/6 mice, and chronic inflammation and atherosclerosis in the LDL receptor\u2010KO mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T12:14:19Z","timestamp":1635596059000},"page":"245-255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effect of vinyl chloride exposure on cardiometabolic toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3976-3884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor N.","family":"Zelko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Superfund Research Center University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Envirome Institute University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Breandon S.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superfund Research Center University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Envirome Institute University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trinath P.","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superfund Research Center University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Envirome Institute University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter H.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel D.","family":"Sithu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superfund Research Center University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Envirome Institute University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banrida","family":"Wahlang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superfund Research Center University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina V.","family":"Malovichko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superfund Research Center University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Envirome Institute University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Cave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superfund Research Center University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Envirome Institute University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superfund Research Center University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Envirome Institute University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville  Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32345-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31679-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-43"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00378-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.306458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2008.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00120.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2020.115120"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(96)03472-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"United States Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.Toxicological profile for vinyl chloride U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.1991.10466881"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"PepelkoWE FouremanG United States Environmental Protection Agency.Toxicological review of vinyl chloride (CAS No. 75\u201001\u20104): in support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000:1."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108579"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-4120(84)90134-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7716"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000247"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1975.tb51080.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"216","article-title":"Acroosteolysis and Raynaud's phenomenon after vinyl chloride exposure","volume":"17","author":"Freudiger H","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vasa"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"828","article-title":"Accidental poisoning by vinyl chloride: report of two cases","volume":"82","author":"Danziger H","year":"1960","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00405418"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1975.tb51085.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"The value of some cytoenzymochemical investigations of the leukocytes and platelets in estimating the effects of occupational exposure to benzene, vinyl chloride and carbon disulphide","volume":"23","author":"Micu D","year":"1985","journal-title":"Med Interne"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23321"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.36.2.245"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)70804-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M502927200"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.86442"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp131"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00590.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.01.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2009.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.4.6.592"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.10.1845"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12030-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051269"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101205"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1151"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117179"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx230"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfx095"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0375"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2007.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.200568"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300572"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17848-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.320416"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30639"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0933-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(02)48630-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(98)00089-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1995.1353"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2015.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy252"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.243386"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043814"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.2.221"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199006213222503"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.6.1121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/941304"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5624"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00342-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","volume-title":"Vinyl chloride 1976","author":"International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","volume-title":"Vinyl Chloride","author":"International Labor Organization","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2016.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1983.tb02251.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","first-page":"373","article-title":"Retention of vinyl chloride in the human lung","volume":"37","author":"Krajewski J","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287397609529338"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/DMDI.1982.4.1.1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Comparison of the hydroxylation of benzo(a)pyrene with the metabolism of vinyl chloride, N\u2010nitrosomorpholine, and N\u2010nitroso\u2010N'\u2010methylpiperazine to mutagens by human and rat liver microsomal fractions","volume":"40","author":"Sabadie N","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-005-0061-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","first-page":"411","article-title":"Metabolic activation of vinyl chloride and vinyl bromide by isolated hepatocytes and hepatic sinusoidal cells","volume":"4","author":"Ottenwalder H","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Environ Pathol Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3490579"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183602"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.000934"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.305724"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2010.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfw045"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tox.23394","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/tox.23394","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tox.23394","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]],"date-time":"2023-08-27T23:19:48Z","timestamp":1693178388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/tox.23394"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/tox.23394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tox.23394","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.08.31.458366","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1520-4081","1522-7278"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-4081","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-7278","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}