{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:00:16Z","timestamp":1777694416043,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Acacia catechu<\/jats:italic> Willd (Fabaceae) is a thorny tree widely distributed in India and commonly used as traditional Ayurvedic medicine for various ailments. The current study evaluates the cytotoxic potentials of <jats:italic>A. catechu<\/jats:italic> ethanolic seed extract (ACSE) in HepG2 cells, a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. The HepG2 cells were treated with 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 and 1000\u2009\u03bcg\/ml of ACSE and the cytotoxic effect was evaluated by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assays. The IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of ACSE was found at 77.04\u2009\u03bcg\/ml and therefore, further studies were carried out with the concentrations of 35 and 70\u2009\u03bcg\/ml. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis\u2010related morphological changes were evaluated. Gene expressions of Bax, Bcl\u20102, cytochrome C (Cyt\u2010c), caspases\u20109 and 3 were analyzed by qPCR. The ACSE treatments caused LDH leakage was associated with an increased ROS generation. The increased ROS generation was associated with the downregulation of intracellular antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione content. AO\/EB and PI staining also confirmed chromatin condensation and apoptosis. The flow cytometric analysis showed an accumulation of HepG2 cells at sub G0\/G1 (apoptotic) phase upon ACSE treatments. The ACSE induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were related to increased apoptotic marker gene expressions such as Bax, Cyt\u2010c, caspase\u20109 and 3, and decreased anti\u2010apoptotic marker Bcl\u20102. The current finding suggests that ACSE has apoptosis\u2010inducing potential via the mitochondrial pathway in HepG2 cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T10:06:10Z","timestamp":1637402770000},"page":"446-456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["<i>Acacia catechu<\/i> seed extract provokes cytotoxicity via apoptosis by intrinsic pathway in <scp>HepG2<\/scp> cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Lakshmi","family":"Thangavelu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences  Chennai Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Royapuram Veeraragavan","family":"Geetha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology 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