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Although some studies have been actively conducted to evaluate cigarette toxicity, the current animal exposure methods, that is, exposure of 28\u2010 or 90\u2010days, require considerable research cost and lead to obscure results of the CS effects. In a previous study, we compared the effects of CS in a rat model of bleomycin (BLM) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced lung disease. We determined that compared to the LPS\u2010induced rat model, the BLM\u2010induced rat model was more sensitive to alterations in secreting cytokines and total cell number. In the current study, we further confirmed the time\u2010point of effective inhalation exposure by CS in the BLM\u2010induced lung injury rat model. Using an automatic video instillator, rats were administered a single dose of 2.5\u00a0mg\/kg BLM (day 1), and subsequently exposed to CS via inhalation (nose\u2010only) 4\u00a0h\/day, for 1, 2, 3, and 4\u2009weeks. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained from the right lung lobes, total cell numbers were counted, and chemokine and cytokine expressions were evaluated using Enzyme\u2010Linked Immunosorbent Assay. For the 1\u2010week exposure, we observed a greater increase of neutrophils in the BLM\u2009+\u2009CS 300\u2009\u03bcg\/L group than in the BLM or CS 300\u2009\u03bcg\/L groups. Exposure of CS in the BLM\u2010induced lung injury rat model enhanced the secretions of chemokines and cytokines, such as CCL2\/MCP\u20101, CXCL2\/MIP\u20102 and TNF\u2010\u03b1, at 1\u00a0week. Immunohistochemistry and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining of lungs at 1\u20132\u2009weeks after exposure clearly confirmed this tendency in the increased levels of CCL2\/MCP\u20101 and TNF\u2010\u03b1. Taken together, these results indicate that the rat model of BLM\u2010induced lung injury is more sensitive to CS exposure than other rat models, and may be an appropriate model to evaluate the effect of CS exposure at 1\u20132\u2009weeks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T11:30:13Z","timestamp":1643887813000},"page":"1231-1243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Time\u2010dependent effect of inhaled cigarette smoke exposure in the bleomycin\u2010induced lung injury rat model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Ryeo\u2010Eun","family":"Go","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine Chungbuk National University  Cheongju Chungbuk Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung\u2010Moo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine Chungbuk National University  Cheongju Chungbuk Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young\u2010Jun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inhalation Toxicity Research Group Korea Institute of Toxicology  Jeongeup Jeonbuk Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min\u2010Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inhalation Toxicity Research Group Korea Institute of Toxicology  Jeongeup Jeonbuk Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chul\u2010Min","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inhalation Toxicity Research Group Korea Institute of Toxicology  Jeongeup Jeonbuk Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eul\u2010Bee","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine Chungbuk National University  Cheongju Chungbuk Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soochong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine Chungbuk National University  Cheongju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1925-1198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung\u2010Chul","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine Chungbuk National University  Cheongju Chungbuk Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000\u20102025","author":"WHO","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000356771"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Report of the surgeon general on how tobacco smoke causes disease","author":"CDC","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmr022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.300156"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2530"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0050-2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711040108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"Partial guidelines for implementation ofArticles 9 and 10. 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