{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:19:54Z","timestamp":1787242794463,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin generated by\n                    <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. It is often found in cereals. We hypothesized that OTA exposure induces epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition (EMT), leading to liver fibrosis. In this research, we explored whether the TGF\u2010\u03b2 receptor I (TGF\u2010\u03b2 RI)\/Smad2\/3 signaling pathway is related to EMT\u2010induced hepatic fibrosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments, mRNA and protein expression of liver fibrosis\u2010related markers such as fibronectin, \u03b1\u2010smooth muscle actin (\u03b1\u2010SMA) and E\u2010cadherin were assessed. The levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin, which are used to assess damage, increased. We also confirmed the increase in mRNA and protein expression of TGF\u2010\u03b2 RI, Smad2, and Smad3. The expression of liver fibrosis\u2010related markers was decreased by siRNA\u2010mediated silencing of Smad2\/3, as well as TGF\u2010RI suppression. Liver cells exposed to OTA showed enhanced TGF\u2010\u03b2 RI expression on the cell membrane. These results demonstrated that OTA induces hepatic fibrosis through TGF\u2010\u03b2 RI and Smad2\/3 pathways in vitro and in vivo.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T05:04:23Z","timestamp":1652245463000},"page":"2084-2095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Ochratoxin a induces hepatic fibrosis through\n                    <scp>TGF<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\u03b2 receptor I\/Smad2\/3 signaling pathway"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Seung A","family":"Chae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Cheol","family":"Pyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Joon","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5326-469X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwang\u2010Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Bioscience and Technology College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"HorvatovicMP RadovicI GlamocicD et al.The occurrence of ochratoxin A in kidneys of healthy pigs from Vojvodina province Serbia. 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