{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:35:07Z","timestamp":1790634907164,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Anthracene is an environmental pollutant and its adverse effects on human health have long been a concern due to its persistence and bioaccumulation properties. However, there is insufficient evidence for its chronic toxicity, especially carcinogenicity, in either humans or experimental animals. In this study, its carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity were investigated in compliance with the OECD test guideline 451 (OECD TG 451) and Good Laboratory Practice Standards. Fifty male and 50 female F344 rats and 50 female BDF1 mice were administrated 0, 8000, 20000, or 50000\u2009ppm anthracene in the diet for 104\u2009weeks, and 50 male BDF1 mice were fed diets containing anthracene at 0, 3200, 8000, or 20000\u2009ppm. Anthracene treatment had no adverse effect on either the survival rate or general condition of the rats or mice during the study period. Body weights were lower or tended to be lower in the anthracene\u2010treated groups than in the control groups. Increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatocellular adenoma was observed in male rats and female mice. Renal cell carcinoma and renal cell adenoma, fibroadenoma in the mammary gland, and uterine endometrial stromal sarcoma were increased in female rats. Transitional cell carcinoma and transitional cell papilloma in the urinary bladder were also increased in male and female rats. In addition, several different pre\u2010neoplastic lesions were increased in the anthracene\u2010treated male and female rats and female mice. These results provide clear evidence that oral administration of anthracene for 104\u2009weeks has a carcinogenic effect in male and female rats and female mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T12:45:16Z","timestamp":1670417116000},"page":"709-726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Clear evidence of the carcinogenic potential of anthracene: A 2\u2010year feeding study in rats and mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6272-9724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoki","family":"Takeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Bioassay Research Center Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety  Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Bioassay Research Center Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety  Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Kano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Bioassay Research Center Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety  Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiharu","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Bioassay Research Center Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety  Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumi","family":"Umeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Bioassay Research Center Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety  Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02541-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2022.312"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-021-08975-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15320383.2011.546443"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60366a048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"218","article-title":"Investigation on the carcinogenic burden by air pollution in man. XV. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in automobile exhaust gas\u2014an inventory","volume":"164","author":"Grimmer G","year":"1977","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32394\/rpzh.2021.0178"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"433","article-title":"Simultaneous analysis of 10 priority PAHs in Iranian sangak bread samples by developing a GC\u2010MS method","volume":"20","author":"Peiravian F","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00273"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Toxic and Priority Pollutants Under the Clean Water Act. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 40 Part 423 Appendix A \u2010 126 Priority Pollutants. (Accessed July 20 2022).https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2015-09\/documents\/priority-pollutant-list-epa.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).Candidate list of SVHCs. (Accessed July 20 2022).https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/de\/candidate\u2010list\u2010table?p_p_id=disslists_WAR_disslistsportlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_disslists_WAR_disslistsportlet_javax.portlet.action=searchDissLists"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"Organization for Economic Co\u2010operation and Development (OECD).Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) collection. (Accessed July 20 2022).https:\/\/hpvchemicals.oecd.org\/ui\/Default.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"EPA.Provisional Peer\u2010Reviewed Toxicity Values for Anthracene.2009. (Accessed July 20 2022).https:\/\/cfpub.epa.gov\/ncea\/pprtv\/documents\/Anthracene.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).IARC Monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to human: Polynuclear aromatic compounds Part 1 Chemical environmental and experimental data. IARC Monographs 32.1983."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"IARC.Some non\u2010heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures. IARC Monographs 92.2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0920621"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(85)90007-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2860080802"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"NTP.NTP Technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of Anthraquinone (CAS No. 84\u201065\u20101) in F344\/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (feed studies). 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Study number: NIH Publication No. 05\u20103953.2005."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"1442","article-title":"Anthracene 1,2\u2010oxide: synthesis and role in the metabolism of anthracene by mammals","volume":"1","author":"Naseem AM","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Chem Soc Perkin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"Metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: etiologic role in carcinogenesis","volume":"34","author":"Pelkonen O","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phannacol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","unstructured":"OECD.Test No. 451 Carcinogenicity Studies.1981."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"285","article-title":"Guideline for animal experimentation (in Japanese)","volume":"36","author":"Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science","year":"1987","journal-title":"Exp Anim"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","volume-title":"Proliferative and Selected Other Lesions in the Liver of Rats. 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