{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:47:03Z","timestamp":1777589223395,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021037","name":"Taipei City Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TPCH\u2010112\u201021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TPCH\u2010112\u201021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing. Oral toxin adsorbents may provide some value. Several uremic toxins, including indoxyl sulfate (IS), p\u2010cresol (PCS), acrolein, per\u2010 and poly\u2010fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and inflammation markers (interleukin 6 [IL\u20106] and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]\u2010alpha) have been shown to be related to CKD progression. A total of 81 patients taking oral activated charcoal toxin adsorbents (AC\u2010134), which were embedded in capsules that dissolved in the terminal ileum, three times a day for 1\u2009month, were recruited. The renal function, hemoglobulin (Hb), inflammation markers, three PFAS (PFOA, PFOS, and PFNA), and acrolein were quantified. Compared with the baseline, an improved glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and significantly lower acrolein were noted. Furthermore, the CKD stage 4 and 5 group had significantly higher concentrations of IS, PCS, IL\u20106, and TNF but lower levels of Hb and PFAS compared with the CKD Stage 3 group at baseline and after the intervention. Hb was increased only in the CKD Stage 3 group after the trial (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.032). Acrolein did not differ between the different CKD stage groups. Patients with improved GFR (responders) (about 77%) and nonresponders had similar baseline GFR. Responders had higher acrolein and PFOA levels throughout the study and a more significant reduction in acrolein, indicating a better digestion function. Both the higher PFOA and lower acrolein may be related to improved eGFR (and possibly to improvements in proteinuria, which we did not measure. Proteinuria is associated with PFAS loss in the urine), AC\u2010134 showed the potential to improve the GFR and decrease acrolein, which might better indicate renal function change. Future studies are needed with longer follow\u2010ups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T11:46:18Z","timestamp":1712231178000},"page":"3930-3943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["How renal toxins respond to renal function deterioration and oral toxic adsorbent in <scp>pH<\/scp>\u2010controlled releasing capsule"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Wen\u2010Sheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Taipei City Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Hsinchu Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Science and Engineering Fu Jen Catholic University  New Taipei City Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Hsinchu Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Special Education University of Taipei  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih\u2010Shin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine National Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei\u2010Mei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of nephrology, Department of internal medicine West Garden Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming\u2010Tsan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of internal medicine Fu\u2010Ling clinic  New Taipei City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Szu\u2010Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Hsinchu Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, and Department of Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tien\u2010Tien","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Hsinchu Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1641-7866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsung\u2010Yun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Hsinchu Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching\u2010Yao","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health, Department of Public Health, College of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Hsinchu Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Taipei City Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Business Administration Fu Jen Catholic University  New Taipei City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen\u2010Ting","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation National Taiwan University College of Medicine  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin\u2010Chu Branch  Hsinchu Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing College of Medical Technology and Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology  Hsinchu Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chien\u2010Hung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Hsinchu Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Science and Engineering Fu Jen Catholic University  New Taipei City Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Immunology and Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsiang\u2010Tsui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Hsinchu Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8542-0201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han\u2010Hsing","family":"Tsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Hsinchu Taiwan"},{"name":"Kim Forest Enterprise Co., Ltd.  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