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Nematodes and other soil microfauna are vital to the soil's health and nutrient cycles, yet they are seriously endangered by ZnO NPs. A dose\u2013response study using <jats:italic>Panagrellus redivivus<\/jats:italic> was applied. The study evaluated the effects of ZnO NPs with sizes of 15 and 140\u2009nm on various age groups (J2, J3\u2010J4 and adult) and sexes. After nematodes were exposed to varying ZnO concentrations, their survival was assessed 24\u2009h later using a microplate setup. Males demonstrated increased mortality at higher concentrations of ZnO (15\u2009nm), due to their size and morphological differences. As for the age groups, J2 larvae showed the lowest survival rate to ZnO NPs. However, the larger\u2010size ZnO NPs proved to be more toxic in the case of younger age groups and marginally more toxic in adult and female individuals due to their irregular shape and higher ion release. Our results highlight significant differences in survival to ZnO NPs based on nematode sex and age. Larvae (J2) were the most responsive, and the difference between the two applied compounds was the most visible there, suggesting the importance of involving various life stages in toxicity assessments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T13:40:32Z","timestamp":1748612432000},"page":"1308-1320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nano Zinc Oxide Toxicity Varies With Age and Sex in <i>Panagrellus redivivus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2901-6298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lola Vir\u00e1g","family":"Kiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology Institute for Wildlife Management and Nature Conservation, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences  G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151 Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D\u00f3ra Kl\u00e1ra","family":"Baranyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology Institute for Wildlife Management and Nature Conservation, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences  G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151 Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Ittz\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Statistics Institute of Mathematics and Basic Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences  Budapest Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Methodology for Business Analysis Faculty of Commerce, Hospitality and Tourism, Budapest University of Economics and Business  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anik\u00f3","family":"Seres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology Institute for Wildlife Management and Nature Conservation, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences  G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151 Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter Istv\u00e1n","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology Institute for Wildlife Management and Nature Conservation, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences  G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151 Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33996-8_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15761\/FNN.1000181"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enmm.2017.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es103040t"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-97389-6_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es9015553"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05828"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2015.1073812"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1302_325338"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010021\u201012674\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653\u2010019\u201000317\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colcom.2021.100380"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762\u2010021\u201003481\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010015\u20105983\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00324627"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010019\u20101418\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2005.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/11250007909440312"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"315","article-title":"Feeding Habits in Soil Nematode Families and Genera\u2014An Outline for Soil Ecologists","volume":"25","author":"Yeates G. 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