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Safranal (Saf), the principal compound found in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Crocus sativus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , exhibits a diverse array of pharmacological properties, encompassing anti\u2010inflammatory, anti\u2010oxidative, and immunoregulatory activities. The potential preventive impacts of Saf and pioglitazone (Pio), in comparison to dexamethasone (Dexa), were investigated in rats to assess their efficacy in mitigating lung injury induced by PQ aerosol. Saline aerosol was given to the control (Ctrl) group of rats, whereas PQ aerosol was given to the other six groups (PQ), eight times every other day. PQ groups were given either saline (PQ), two doses of Saf (Saf (L), 0.8\u2009mg\/kg\/day and Saf (H), 3.2\u2009mg\/kg\/day), pioglitazone (Pio, 5\u2009mg\/kg\/day), the combination of Saf (L)\u2009+\u2009Pio, or Dexa (0.03\u2009mg\/kg\/day) during PQ exposure for 16\u2009days. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and thiol levels decreased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), lung tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF\u2010\u03b1) and interleukin 10 (IL\u201010), tracheal responsiveness (TR) to methacholine, and lung pathological changes were increased in the PQ group. Significant improvements were seen in all treated groups, with the exception of a few variables in Saf (L). The combination of Saf (L)\u2009+\u2009Pio had a greater effect than Saf (L) or Pio alone. All comparisons had\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    values &lt;\u20090.05 to &lt;\u20090.001. The Saf and Pio show promising combined preventative abilities, suggesting that the PPAR\u03b3 receptor plays a role in Saf impact.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T13:36:06Z","timestamp":1758375366000},"page":"165-175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Protective Effects of Safranal Against Paraquat\u2010Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rat"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Sima","family":"Beigoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Biomedical Research Center, Basic Sciences Research Institute Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arghavan","family":"Memarzia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Biomedical Research Center, Basic Sciences Research Institute Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahla","family":"Mohammadi Mahjoob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nema","family":"Mohammadian Roshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5736-9755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Boskabady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Biomedical Research Center, Basic Sciences Research Institute Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.12.029"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"930","article-title":"Carvacrol and Zataria Multiflora Influenced the PPAR\u03b3 Agonist Effects on Systemic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Induced by Inhaled Paraquat in Rat","volume":"23","author":"Amin F.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2009.24.2.93"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Stress Signaling in Paraquat\u2010Induced Target Organ Toxicity","volume":"1","author":"Wang S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"React Oxyg Species"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2010.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1136290"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"653","article-title":"Andrographolide Alleviates Paraquat\u2010Induced Acute Lung Injury by Activating the Nrf2\/HO\u20101 Pathway","volume":"26","author":"Zhang D.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2021.1974133"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2023.102335"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ac999e"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdp.2004.09.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Biological Effects of Saffron","volume":"4","author":"Abdullaev F. 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