{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:08:29Z","timestamp":1776125309719,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is an environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon known to act as an endocrine disruptor. Cardamom (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Elettaria cardamomum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) is a widely used spice with strong biological and antioxidant properties. The current work aimed to clarify the mechanism of action of cardamom essential oil (CEO) and explore its phytochemical components and protective benefits to reduce testicular damage caused by BaP. GC\u2013MS analysis revealed that the CEO had several potent antioxidant and radical scavenging components. Male Wistar Dawley rats were classified into 4 groups (7 rats\/group): negative control, CEO (100\u2009mg\/kg bw), positive control (BaP; 5\u2009mg\/kg bw), and CEO plus BaP, respectively. Rats were administered daily oral doses for 4\u2009weeks. Rats exposed to BaP exhibited significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.05) increases in testicular TBARS, serum aminotransferases, and acid phosphatase. This was accompanied by a decrease in body weight, reduced glutathione, antioxidant enzymes, and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities. Moreover, significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.05) changes were observed in gene expression (Bax, Cas\u20103, Bcl\u20102, and Beclin\u20101), hormone levels (Testosterone, FSH, and LH), sperm quality, and histological structure. However, CEO pretreatment to BaP\u2010intoxicated rats demonstrated a significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.05) improvement in most indices compared to the BaP\u2010exposed group. Conclusively, phenolic and flavonoid components of CEO demonstrated a potent antioxidant activity against BaP toxicity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T12:35:32Z","timestamp":1760099732000},"page":"270-284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antioxidant Efficiency of\n                    <i>Elettaria cardamomum<\/i>\n                    Essential Oil Against Benzo[a]Pyrene\u2010Induced Testicular Damage via Oxidative Stress Suppression and Modulation of Gene Expression in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8319-5680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali B.","family":"Jebur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture University of Kerbala  Karbala Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1373-4958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Y.","family":"Naoom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, College of Basic Education Al Muthanna University  Samawah Al\u2010Muthanna Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4733-8434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghda A.","family":"El\u2010Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research Alexandria University  Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5624-9145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma M.","family":"El\u2010Demerdash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research Alexandria University  Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2003.10.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.03.178"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2011.587621"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003391"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crneur.2023.100122"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/387850"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22728"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620701734906"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390701434182"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Impact of Benzo[a]Pyrene on Male Reproductive Health: A Review","volume":"36","author":"Almabrok A. 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