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This study investigates\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Dactylis glomerata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Lolium perenne<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    pollen, and how urban\/industrial conditions influence sub\u2010pollen particle (SPP) release, chemical composition, and IgE reactivity\u2014extending prior work on\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Phleum pratense<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    pollen. Pollen was collected near Kru\u0161evac (central Serbia) from two sites ~10\u2009km apart: a rural area (D1\/L1) and a location adjacent to a regional road and chemical plant (D2\/L2). SPP release during osmolysis was quantified by light microscopy; protein profiles were assessed via 1D SDS\u2010PAGE; elemental content analyzed by ICP\u2010OES\/MS; PAHs by GC\u2013MS; and IgE binding measured by ELISA, using sera from a previous study (16 grass pollen\u2013allergic patients). Urban samples released significantly more SPP (several\u2010fold increase) and showed elevated protein expression with altered protein\/allergen patterns. D2 pollen contained ~10\u00d7 more As and ~5\u00d7 more Cd than D1;\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. perenne<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    from L2 had elevated Ni (~15\u2009\u03bcg\/g) and 5\u00d7 more indium than L1. Acenaphthylene was detected only in polluted samples, while anthracene was present only in D2 pollen. Notably, 56% of sera showed stronger IgE binding to contaminated\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>D. glomerata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , suggesting heightened allergic potential at equal pollen loads. These findings support a link between air pollution and increased respiratory allergy risk, highlighting pollen's potential as a bioindicator of environmental contamination.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.70032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T11:33:53Z","timestamp":1767699233000},"page":"746-757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential Allergenicity and Heavy Metal Content in\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Dactylis glomerata<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    and\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Lolium perenne<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Pollen Across Contrasting Environments"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0604-9246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Prodi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera \u201cTorlak\u201d  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8374-6861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilija","family":"Stankovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera \u201cTorlak\u201d  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7855-5182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Du\u0161an M.","family":"Spasi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade  Belgrade 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