{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:16:24Z","timestamp":1788365784402,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Bisphenol A (BPA), a common industrial chemical used in plastics and consumer products, is increasingly detected in aquatic environments, raising serious concerns about its potential ecological impacts. This study evaluated the sublethal and acute toxic effects of BPA on the freshwater planarian\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Girardia tigrina<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , a recognized model for neurotoxicity and regenerative biology. Acute exposure revealed a time\u2010dependent decrease in LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values, from 53.18\u2009\u03bcM at 24\u2009h to 22.38\u2009\u03bcM at 96\u2009h. Behavioral assays showed significant locomotor impairment, with activity reduced by 36.7% and 57.2% at 1.0 and 5.0\u2009\u03bcM, respectively. The LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    for movement inhibition was estimated at 2.79\u2009\u03bcM after only 5\u2009min of exposure. Stereotyped movements intensified with concentration and duration. Reproduction was markedly affected, with fecundity and fertility reduced by 96.7% and 100% at 2.5\u2009\u03bcM; no hatchlings emerged at 1.0 or 2.5\u2009\u03bcM. Glycogen reserves dropped by 42.9% at 2.5\u2009\u03bcM, indicating metabolic disruption. Marked oxidative stress responses were observed, with superoxide dismutase and catalase activities increasing by over 220%. Glutathione S\u2010transferase activity was elevated across all concentrations. Acetylcholinesterase activity showed a biphasic response\u2014strong inhibition at lower doses (\u221267.8% at 0.1\u2009\u03bcM), followed by stimulation at 1.0\u2009\u03bcM (+56.9%)\u2014suggesting cholinergic disruption. Collectively, these results demonstrate that BPA disrupts multiple physiological systems in planarians at environmentally relevant levels, underscoring the need for more comprehensive environmental monitoring and the adoption of safer chemical alternatives to protect aquatic biodiversity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.70039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:46:38Z","timestamp":1768812398000},"page":"849-861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comprehensive Evaluation of Bisphenol A Toxicity Reveals Neurobehavioral, Metabolic, and Reproductive Impairments in\n                    <i>Girardia tigrina<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7332-5087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"de Jesus 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