{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:29:56Z","timestamp":1790980196334,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The association between pesticide exposure and Parkinson's disease (PD) is substantial, but heterogeneity in methodology and lack of categorization according to the type of exposure and pesticide classes in previous meta\u2010analyses impair the interpretation of data. This study aims to update evidence of the association between pesticide exposure and PD. We conducted a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of studies investigating associations between pesticide exposure and PD according to the type of pesticide exposure and pesticide class. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science until July 2024. Reviewers screened titles and abstracts. Afterward, reviewers reanalyzed the selection criteria and extracted the data based on the full paper. Meta\u2010analyses were conducted to assess the association between pesticide exposure and PD. A total of 124 studies were eligible. There is a lack of diversity in the populations represented and a high variability in methodology among the included studies. Considering only studies with any type of exposure, we found a positive association of PD with any pesticide class and herbicides. Occupational exposure was associated with PD for all pesticide classes except for fungicides. Exclusive household pesticide exposure was also associated with PD. Pesticide exposure remains a significant environmental risk factor for the development of PD, regardless of the type of exposure. Herbicides are the pesticide class with the most substantial evidence of association with the disease. Further studies with new methods of pesticide exposure measurement, innovative design studies, and the inclusion of underrepresented populations are still needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.70041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T07:10:40Z","timestamp":1769065840000},"page":"875-888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Revisiting the Association of Pesticide Exposure and Parkinson's Disease: Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0303-0091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Henrique Passos","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neuropatologia Experimental Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9924-1001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jadson Silva","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neuropatologia Experimental Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6260-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Sid\u00f4nio Gibson","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neuropatologia Experimental Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6404-7172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hemengella Karyne Alves","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neuropatologia Experimental Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8722-0908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur F. S.","family":"Schuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Brazil"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Neurologia, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1198-0633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio F.","family":"Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9321-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Lopes","family":"Santos\u2010Lobato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neuropatologia Experimental Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Neurologia Hospital Ophir Loyola  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90576-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.4.550"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"435","article-title":"A Meta\u2010Analysis of Parkinson's Disease and Exposure to Pesticides","volume":"21","author":"Priyadarshi A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2001.4264"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103881"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23687"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318294b3c8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151841"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.03.100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3641"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2018.1492894"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.10.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00709-y"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","article-title":"Modifiable Risk Factors Associated With the Risk of Developing Parkinson's Disease: A Critical Review","volume":"83","author":"Tumas V.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arquivos de Neuro\u2010Psiquiatria"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"G. 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