{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T13:46:37Z","timestamp":1791812797944,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023J01446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023J01446"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Zearalenone (ZEA), a mycotoxin produced in moldy feed, induces oxidative damage in testicular cells of male animals. These cells are crucial for androgen secretion and male reproductive health. Consequently, identifying effective and safe treatments to maintain testicular redox balance and ensure male animal fertility is imperative. Crocin, a natural compound with recognized antioxidant properties, shows promise; however, its mechanism for mitigating ZEA\u2010induced testicular oxidative injury remains unclear. To elucidate crocin's action on oxidative stress and apoptosis in swine testicular (ST) cells, we treated cells with crocin after establishing a ZEA\u2010induced oxidative stress model. Compared to ZEA treatment alone, crocin significantly ameliorated oxidative stress by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) elevation, while promoting the activity\/levels of catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T\u2010AOC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Furthermore, crocin effectively alleviated ZEA\u2010induced apoptosis by attenuating mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization, reducing the apoptosis rate, suppressing the expression of key apoptotic genes caspase 3 (\n                    <jats:italic>CASP3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and caspase 9 (\n                    <jats:italic>CASP9<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and improving ZEA\u2010induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Mechanistically, crocin mitigated oxidative damage at both mRNA and protein levels by restoring the homeostasis of the nuclear factor erythroid 2\u2010related factor 2 (Nrf2) and mitogen\u2010activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, which were dysregulated by ZEA. In conclusion, crocin protects ST cells against ZEA\u2010induced oxidative damage by reducing oxidative stress markers, alleviating ZEA\u2010induced dysregulation of the Nrf2 and MAPK pathways, preventing apoptotic damage, and enhancing cellular antioxidant capacity. This study provides theoretical support for developing crocin as a potential feed additive to prevent oxidative damage to the boar reproductive system.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.70080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T04:55:40Z","timestamp":1773377740000},"page":"1364-1373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Protective Mechanism of Crocin Against Zearalenone\u2010Induced Oxidative Damage to Swine Testicle Cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Chu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University  Fuzhou Fujian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University  Fuzhou Fujian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University  Fuzhou Fujian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongfan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University  Fuzhou Fujian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianfang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University  Fuzhou Fujian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3255-5900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiyi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University  Fuzhou Fujian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7348-4614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weimin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University  Fuzhou Fujian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.176432"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116757"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2024.100948"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2022.02.011"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"148","article-title":"Zearalenone Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in a Spermatogonia Cell Line","volume":"14","author":"Ran L.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1616186"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59183-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1731"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2025.104543"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123778"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1573502"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11070375"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2015.094"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24216"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"The Addition of Crocin in the Freezing Medium Extender Improves Post\u2010Thaw Semen Quality","volume":"57","author":"Vasiliki S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113811"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"151192","article-title":"Structure\u2010Toxicity Relationships, Toxicity Mechanisms and Health Risk Assessment of Food\u2010Borne Modified Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"806","author":"Qian L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"Genotoxicity and Inactivation of Catechol Metabolites of the Mycotoxin Zearalenone","volume":"28","author":"Stefanie C. F.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2019.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10041824"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2005.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-025-01401-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1261204"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3168"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101226"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","first-page":"123500","article-title":"In Situ Incorporation of Boronate Into Carbonized Alginate Nanogels for Targeted Inhibition of Triple\u2010Negative Breast Cancer Metastasis by Inducing Cytoskeletal Disruption, Cell Growth Arrest, and Apoptosis","volume":"324","author":"Saumyadip S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2017.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3203"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tox.70080","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/tox.70080","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tox.70080","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T13:07:48Z","timestamp":1791810468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/tox.70080"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/tox.70080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tox.70080","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-4081","1522-7278"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-4081","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-7278","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}