{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:41:24Z","timestamp":1775198484678,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007327","name":"S\u00e1lim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007327","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Large carnivores such as Indian leopard (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Panthera pardus fusca<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem stability. However, they face increasing threats from habitat loss and other anthropogenic pressures. One significant but underreported threat is unintentional or deliberate poisoning, particularly from chemical pesticides. This study reports the first documented case of rodenticide (bromadiolone) poisoning in a large mammalian carnivore in India. In this study, a deceased female leopard (~5\u2009years old) was recovered from the Nilgiris Forest Division, Tamil Nadu, India. Tissues of kidney, liver, and gut contents of the leopard were collected for toxicological investigation. Using high\u2010performance liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS), the samples were screened for 51 pesticides. Bromadiolone, a second\u2010generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR), was detected at concentrations of 802.9\u2009ng\/g in kidney, 237.7\u2009ng\/g in liver, and 39.3\u2009ng\/g in gut. No other pesticides were detected in any of the samples studied. Postmortem examination revealed internal hemorrhaging consistent with bromadiolone\u2010induced coagulopathy, confirming it as the likely cause of death. This study underscores the ecological risk posed by rodenticides through deliberate or secondary poisoning of nontarget wildlife. To prevent such incidents, stricter regulations and greater public awareness regarding the use of anticoagulant rodenticides near forested areas are urgently needed. Additionally, long\u2010term monitoring and research on rodenticide exposure are strongly recommended to guide further conservation actions and safeguard wildlife across the country.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.70089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:31:11Z","timestamp":1775190671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ecological Implications of Rodenticide Exposure: First Evidence of Bromadiolone Poisoning in an Indian Leopard (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Panthera pardus fusca<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7818-5090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanthan","family":"Nambirajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ecotoxicology S\u00e1lim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, South India Centre of Wildlife Institute of India  Coimbatore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krishnamoorthy","family":"Rajesh Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu Forest Department  Nilgiris India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6560-2016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. R.","family":"Arun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ecotoxicology S\u00e1lim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, South India Centre of Wildlife Institute of India  Coimbatore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8467-0594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maharajan","family":"Kannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Allahabad  Prayagraj India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Balakrishnan","family":"Senthamarai Kannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Thamirabharani Engineering College  Tirunelveli India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subramanian","family":"Muralidharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ecotoxicology S\u00e1lim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, South India Centre of Wildlife Institute of India  Coimbatore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/bix049","article-title":"Modernization, Risk, and Conservation of the World's Largest Carnivores","volume":"67","author":"Bruskotter J. T.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10005","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13671-7","article-title":"Glimmers of Hope in Large Carnivore Recoveries","volume":"12","author":"Ingeman K. E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2020.e01366","article-title":"Patterns of Livestock Predation Risk by Large Carnivores in India's Eastern and Western Ghats","volume":"24","author":"Ramesh T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Ecology and Conservation"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2020.102425","article-title":"Molecular Investigation of Three Leopards Death: A Case of Suspicious Revenge Killing","volume":"51","author":"Gupta S. K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Science International: Genetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Investigations Into the Death of Large Felids in the Wild: There Is More to It Than Necropsy","volume":"18","author":"Sreekumar C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Indian Veterinary Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoforum.2024.104123","article-title":"Inhabiting More\u2010Than\u2010Human Ecologies of Extended Urbanization: Unruly Leopards Amidst Urban\u2010Wild Enmeshment in the Northern Aravalli Region","volume":"156","author":"Bathla N.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geoforum"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057872","article-title":"Big Cats in Our Backyards: Persistence of Large Carnivores in a Human Dominated Landscape in India","volume":"8","author":"Athreya V.","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-023-01755-2","article-title":"Human\u2013Leopard (\n                     Panthera pardus fusca\n                  ) Conflict Trend and Hotspot Analysis in Junnar Forest Division of Pune Forest Circle, Maharashtra, India","volume":"70","author":"Badhe Y. P.","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Journal of Wildlife Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1002\/pan3.70120","article-title":"Stories of Coexistence: A Narrative Inquiry of Leopard Attacks on People","volume":"7","author":"Shivakumar S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"People and Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-010-0433-6","article-title":"Secondary Phorate Poisoning of Large Carnivores in India","volume":"57","author":"Kalaivanan N.","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Wildlife Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Malicious Carbofuran Poisoning of a Leopard (\n                     Panthera pardus\n                  ) in Sandynallah Reserve Forest, India","volume":"29","author":"Venkataramanan R.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.06.011","article-title":"Cis\u2010Bromadiolone Diastereoisomer Is Not Involved in Bromadiolone Red Kite (\n                     Milvus milvus\n                  ) Poisoning","volume":"601","author":"Fourel I.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12947","article-title":"Global Review of Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure in Wild Mammalian Carnivores","volume":"27","author":"Keating M. P.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animal Conservation"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.169990","article-title":"First Evidence of Widespread Positivity to Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Grey Wolves (\n                     Canis lupus\n                  )","volume":"915","author":"Musto C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.17-0717","article-title":"A Review: Poisoning by Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Non\u2010Target Animals Globally","volume":"81","author":"Nakayama S. M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medical Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010021\u201014702\u2010y"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2478\/fv-2019-0023","article-title":"Potential Health Risk to Humans Related to Accumulation of Brodifacoum and Bromadiolone in the Wheat Grown on Rodenticide Contaminated Soil","volume":"63","author":"Hromada R.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Folia Veterinaria"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650701504366","article-title":"Bromadiolone Toxicokinetics: Diagnosis and Treatment Implications","volume":"46","author":"Lo V. M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Toxicology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hest.2021.04.002","article-title":"Rare Manifestation of Bromadiolone Toxicity as Intracranial Hemorrhage","volume":"2","author":"Jamous M. A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Hemorrhages"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Wildlife","author":"Rattner B. A.","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-024-03746-0","article-title":"Bromadiolone May Cause Severe Acute Kidney Injury Through Severe Disorder of Coagulation: A Case Report","volume":"25","author":"Wang H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Nephrology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","volume-title":"Bromadiolone General Fact Sheet","author":"Wick K.","year":"2013"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.21.08.0364","article-title":"Mechanisms of Toxicity and Residue Considerations of Rodenticide Exposure in Food Animals\u2014A FARAD Perspective","volume":"260","author":"Mercer M. A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2780430112","article-title":"Warfarin\u2010Based Rodenticides: Mode of Action and Mechanism of Resistance","volume":"43","author":"Thijssen H. H.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pesticide Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19811","article-title":"Application of Nafamostat Mesylate for Anticoagulation in Hemoperfusion Therapy in Patients With Bromadiolone Poisoning","volume":"9","author":"Qian W.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","first-page":"583","volume-title":"Veterinary Toxicology","author":"Murphy M. J.","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/17.1.56","article-title":"Simultaneous Determination of Eight Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Blood Serum and Liver","volume":"17","author":"Chalermchaikit T.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","unstructured":"DPPQS \u201cDirectorate of Plant Protection Quarantine & Storage \u201dDepartment of Agriculture and Cooperation Ministry of Agriculture Government of India. 2025 http:\/\/ppqs.gov.in\/divisions\/pesticides\u2010monitoring\u2010documentation."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-018-1218-6","article-title":"A Note on Wildlife Poisoning Cases From Kerala, South India","volume":"64","author":"Radhakrishnan S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Wildlife Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phorate Poisoning of a Leopard (\n                     Panthera pardus\n                  ) in the Nilgiris","volume":"7","author":"Allwin B.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6137"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.117","article-title":"Accumulation of Anticoagulant Rodenticides (Chlorophacinone, Bromadiolone and Brodifacoum) in a Non\u2010Target Invertebrate, the Slug, \n                     Deroceras reticulatum","volume":"610","author":"Alomar H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2006.01225.x","article-title":"Collapse of Asian Vulture Populations: Risk of Mortality From Residues of the Veterinary Drug Diclofenac in Carcasses of Treated Cattle","volume":"43","author":"Green R. E.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244\u2010017\u20100480\u2010z"},{"issue":"6975","key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02317","article-title":"Diclofenac Residues as the Cause of Vulture Population Decline in Pakistan","volume":"427","author":"Oaks J. L.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tox.70089","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/tox.70089","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tox.70089","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:31:34Z","timestamp":1775190694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/tox.70089"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/tox.70089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tox.70089","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-4081","1522-7278"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-4081","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-7278","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"tox.70089"}}