{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:01:49Z","timestamp":1789707709657,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and cadmium chloride (CdCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) are environmental contaminants with endocrine\u2010disrupting properties that adversely affect reproductive and neurological functions in aquatic organisms. This study investigated the toxicological effects of DBP and CdCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    co\u2010exposure on adult female zebrafish (\n                    <jats:italic>Danio rerio<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) ovary for 28\u2009days. Zebrafish were divided into five groups: control, vehicle control, DBP (1\u2009mg\/L), CdCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (1\u2009mg\/L), and a combined DBP\u2009+\u2009CdCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    group (each at 1\u2009mg\/L). Biochemical analysis revealed significant reductions in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) across all treatment groups, with catalase (CAT) activity decreasing in the DBP and combined exposure groups. Conversely, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly elevated in the combined exposure group, indicating enhanced oxidative stress. Gene expression analysis showed down\u2010regulation of\n                    <jats:italic>sod<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the DBP and combined groups,\n                    <jats:italic>cat<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the combined group, and\n                    <jats:italic>nrf2<\/jats:italic>\n                    across all treatments reflecting compromised antioxidant defense pathways. Histopathological analysis revealed higher number of peri\u2010nuclear oocytes (PO), degenerated mature oocytes (DMO), and yolk granule depletion (DYG) in DBP\u2010exposed group. While, CdCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010exposed group showed degenerated cortical alveolar oocytes (DCO), DMO, and DYG. However, the combined exposure group exhibited more pronounced damage, including a higher number of atretic peri\u2010nuclear oocytes (APO) and more pronounced DMO and DYG, indicating severe ovarian dysfunction. DBP exposure led to a significant increase in pre\u2010vitellogenic oocytes and a significant reduction in mature oocyte diameter. Overall, these findings demonstrate that DBP and CdCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    exposure induce oxidative stress, impair antioxidant gene expression, and cause significant histomorphological alterations in the zebrafish ovary, highlighting their potential to disrupt reproductive health in aquatic species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.70104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T06:45:46Z","timestamp":1776667546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Toxic Effects of Co\u2010Exposure of Dibutyl Phthalate and Cadmium Chloride on the Ovary of Adult Zebrafish: Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Parameters and Histopathology"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Mohamadmusaraf I.","family":"Badi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Kamdhenu University  Junagadh Gujarat India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8488-0161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhavesh J.","family":"Trangadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Kamdhenu University  Junagadh Gujarat India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravina C.","family":"Dhameliya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Kamdhenu University  Junagadh Gujarat India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0580-5356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urvesh D.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Kamdhenu University  Junagadh Gujarat India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinay A.","family":"Kalaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Kamdhenu University  Junagadh Gujarat India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52272-6.00142-2","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Environmental Health","author":"Miodovnik A.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010010\u20100414\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033\u2010015\u20103920\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26438\/ijsrbs\/v6i5.2638"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","volume-title":"Toxicological Profile for di\u2010n\u2010Butyl Phthalate","author":"ATSDR","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2005.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534\u2010010\u20109365\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for Drinking\u2010Water Quality","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Cadmium and cadmium compounds","volume":"58","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)","year":"1993","journal-title":"Monographs on Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1546\u20105098(11)31025\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2013.835032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181\u2010011\u20100143\u20109"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Effects of Cadmium Pollution on Female Rat Reproductive System","volume":"1","author":"Monsefi M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Infertility and Reproductive Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh\u20102019\u20100016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.731"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653\u2010014\u20109632\u20105"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","first-page":"1985","article-title":"A Studies of Toxic Metals in Sarkhej Lake Water, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India","volume":"3","author":"Patel S. S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1001\u20100505.2010.06.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5937\/arhfarm71\u201034438"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201\u2010015\u20100334\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010022\u201018988\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010024\u201034868\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432\u20101033.1974.tb03714.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003\u20102697(72)90132\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/47.9.1725"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","volume-title":"Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory","author":"Sambrook L.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117003111"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/zeb.2016.1259"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2018.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","volume-title":"Laboratory Methods in Histotechnology","author":"Prophet E. B.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2018.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2016.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldg032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program (NTP) Report of the NTP Board of Scientific Counselors USA(2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2015.02.012","article-title":"Short Term Exposure to di\u2010n\u2010Butyl Phthalate (DBP) Disrupts Ovarian Function in Young CD\u20101 Mice","volume":"53","author":"Sen N.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproductive Toxicology"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors and endometriosis","volume":"7","author":"Cobellis L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2023.108473"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","article-title":"Dibutyl Phthalate Exposure Alters Ovarian Gene Expression and Leads to Ovarian Dysfunction in Mice","volume":"424","author":"Zhang Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901091"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2006.8.1865"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e3182439613"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201708007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-679X(06)80019-1","article-title":"Measurements of the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, and Glutathione Peroxidase","volume":"80","author":"Vives\u2010Bauza C.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Methods in Cell Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11160\u2010005\u20107846\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2016.10.021","article-title":"Assessment of Lipid Peroxidation by Measuring Malondialdehyde and Relatives in Biological Samples: Analytical and Biological Challenges","volume":"524","author":"Tsikas D.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Analytical Biochemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.022"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-011-9456-z","article-title":"Mechanisms Underlying the Protective Effect of Zinc and Selenium Against Cadmium\u2010Induced Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish","volume":"24","author":"Banni M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.5455\/oams.1007613.or.048","article-title":"Cadmium Exposure\u2010Induced Oxidative Stress; Delay in Sexual Maturation and Impaired Hormones in Developing Rat Ovary","volume":"2","author":"Roopha D. P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxidants Antioxidants Medical Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Biochemical Markers of Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Exposed to Cadmium Chloride","volume":"6","author":"Ansari B. A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of Biological Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580\u2010021\u201003237\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6584"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2021.e00816"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755\u20101315\/227\/5\/052052"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2016.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2007.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3278"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.152942"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2014.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2019.06.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","first-page":"154","article-title":"Combined Exposure of di (2\u2010Ethylhexyl) Phthalate, Dibutyl Phthalate and Acetyl Tributylcitrate: Toxic Effects on the Growth and Reproductive System of Zebrafish","volume":"5","author":"Guo H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2019.105290"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2011.06.010"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tox.70104","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/tox.70104","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tox.70104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T06:45:52Z","timestamp":1776667552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/tox.70104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/tox.70104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tox.70104","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-4081","1522-7278"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-4081","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-7278","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"tox.70104"}}