{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:54:49Z","timestamp":1789646089123,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Industrialization has led to global environmental pollution, exposing individuals to toxic metals (such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr)) on a daily basis. Lifelong exposure to toxic metals, even at low levels, endangers human health due to their accumulation and long biological half\u2010lives. Additionally, some of these metals are classified as proven or probable human carcinogens according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (Group 1: Cd, As, Ni, Cr; Group 2A: Pb) and\/or exhibit hormone\u2010like properties, classifying them as metallohormones. Given the growing evidence linking these substances to reproductive cancers, this review summarizes human studies on toxic metal exposure and hormone\u2010dependent cancers, focusing on breast, prostate, testicular, ovarian, and uterine cancers. Specific metals were included in our review due to their classification as proven or probable carcinogens (As, Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb), and their listing by WHO as chemicals of major public health concern (As, Cd, Pb, Hg). Variations in study results are largely driven by cancer type, studied metal, individual differences, and geography. Breast and prostate cancers, being common and well\u2010studied, show strong links to Cd and As, potential associations with Pb, and mixed evidence for Hg, Ni, and Cr depending on sample type and study design. However, important knowledge gaps remain, particularly regarding the effects of combined metal exposures, the assessment of metal levels in tumor tissues, and the limited evidence available for less\u2010studied cancers such as ovarian and testicular cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.70125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T09:50:55Z","timestamp":1779270655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Toxic Metals and Their Emerging Role as Risk Factors in Hormone\u2010Related Reproductive Cancers"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Milena","family":"An\u0111elkovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology \u201cAkademik Danilo Soldatovi\u0107\u201d University of Belgrade\u2014Faculty of Pharmacy  Belgrade Serbia"},{"name":"Health Center Kosovska Mitrovica  Kosovska Mitrovica Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3290-2204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarina","family":"Barali\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology \u201cAkademik Danilo Soldatovi\u0107\u201d University of Belgrade\u2014Faculty of Pharmacy  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2744-2565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragana","family":"Vukeli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology \u201cAkademik Danilo Soldatovi\u0107\u201d University of Belgrade\u2014Faculty of Pharmacy  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0110ur\u0111ica","family":"Mari\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology \u201cAkademik Danilo Soldatovi\u0107\u201d University of Belgrade\u2014Faculty of Pharmacy  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6842-6943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Stojilkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology \u201cAkademik Danilo Soldatovi\u0107\u201d University of Belgrade\u2014Faculty of Pharmacy  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Buha Djordjevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology \u201cAkademik Danilo Soldatovi\u0107\u201d University of Belgrade\u2014Faculty of Pharmacy  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danijela","family":"\u0110uki\u0107\u2010\u0106osi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology \u201cAkademik Danilo Soldatovi\u0107\u201d University of Belgrade\u2014Faculty of Pharmacy  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3996-454X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biljana","family":"Antonijevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology \u201cAkademik Danilo Soldatovi\u0107\u201d University of Belgrade\u2014Faculty of Pharmacy  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zorica","family":"Bulat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology \u201cAkademik Danilo Soldatovi\u0107\u201d University of Belgrade\u2014Faculty of Pharmacy  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22450"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2020.1035"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","volume-title":"Cancer Today","author":"IARC","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","first-page":"120","volume-title":"Continuous Update Project Expert Report","author":"World Cancer Research Fund\/American Institute for Cancer Research","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","volume-title":"Karcinom Dojke Multidisciplinarno Lije\u010denje","author":"Beketi\u0107\u2010Ore\u0161kovi\u0107 L.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","volume-title":"BRCA: The Breast Cancer Gene","author":"National Breast Cancer Foundation","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_8_1","first-page":"632","volume-title":"World Cancer Report 2014","author":"Stewart B.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S16747"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14740\/wjon1191"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20408"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2016.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_13_1","unstructured":"American Cancer Society \u201cTesticular Cancer: What Is Testicular Cancer? 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