{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T05:00:29Z","timestamp":1780290029122,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Lead (Pb) is a widely distributed environmental pollutant that is highly noxious due to its toxicokinetic characteristics. Pb exposure can damage vital organ systems, including the central nervous and stomatognathic systems. As salivary glands play an important role in oral homeostasis, this study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal Pb exposure during pregnancy and lactation on the salivary glands of rat male offspring. Six 90\u2010day\u2010old pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups of three animals each: a control group and a lead acetate group (treated with 50\u2009mg\/kg lead acetate for 21\u2009days during pregnancy and 21\u2009days during lactation). After the exposure period, the submandibular and parotid glands of the male offspring were collected for biochemical, morphometric, and histochemical analyses, and the findings were analyzed using the Student's\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010test or Mann\u2013Whitney\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    test. Maternal Pb exposure significantly decreased the antioxidant capacity (52%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and increased lipid peroxidation (105%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and nitrite levels (106%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) in both parotid and submandibular glands. Morphological analysis of the parotid gland showed an increase in the total stromal area and a decrease in the acinar area compared to the control group, whereas in the submandibular gland, there was an increase in the stromal, acinar, and duct areas in the Pb\u2010exposed group. The histochemical analysis revealed no difference in the average collagen area between the groups. The alterations found may compromise glandular development and salivary function, indicating that early\u2010life Pb exposure poses long\u2010term risks to oral homeostasis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.70134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T04:01:31Z","timestamp":1780286491000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal Lead Exposure Induces Glandular Alterations in the Salivary Glands of Rat Male Offspring"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Rayssa Mait\u00ea Farias","family":"Naz\u00e1rio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deiweson","family":"Souza\u2010Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walessa Alana Bragan\u00e7a","family":"Arag\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8771-9784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"Eir\u00f3\u2010Quirino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo Oliveira","family":"Bittencourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7031-2128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel Fernanda","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto School of Dentistry University of S\u00e3o Paulo\u2010USP  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f4nio Hernandes","family":"Chaves\u2010Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2619-1656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Aschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1486-4013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Rodrigues","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.01.030","article-title":"Disposition of Lead (Pb) in Saliva and Blood of Sprague\u2010Dawley Rats Following a Single or Repeated Oral Exposure to Pb\u2010Acetate","volume":"222","author":"Timchalk C.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"WHO \u201cPreventing Disease Through Healthy Environments: Exposure to Lead Acetate: A Major Public Health Concern (No. WHO\/CED\/PHE\/EPE\/19.4. 7) \u201d2019 World Health Organization."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22942"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124385"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3129"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.05.030","article-title":"Elevated Mercury Levels in Pregnant Woman Linked to Skin Cream From Mexico","volume":"209","author":"Dickenson C. 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