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Both compounds have been suggested as potential endocrine disruptors, including effects on thyroid homeostasis. However, no studies have examined their combined impact in the context of WD\u2010related metabolic disturbances. Here, we investigated the long\u2010term effects of GLP and\/or 2,4\u2010D exposure on thyroid\u2010related parameters in male C57BL\/6J mice fed a WD for 6\u2009months. Animals received GLP (0.05 or 5\u2009mg\/kg\/day), 2,4\u2010D (0.02 or 2\u2009mg\/kg\/day), or their mixtures via intragastric administration, in doses spanning environmentally relevant exposures near the acceptable daily intake (ADI) to levels approaching, but still below, established no\u2010observed\u2010adverse\u2010effect levels (NOAEL). WD feeding successfully induced obesity, glucose intolerance, and hypercholesterolemia; none of these parameters were significantly modified by herbicide exposure. However, GLP at 5\u2009mg\/kg increased serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels and promoted thyroid follicular changes, including increased follicle diameter, area, and the area of follicles within the 0\u2013100\u2009\u03bcm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    range. TSH levels remained unchanged. Additionally, low\u2010dose GLP (0.05\u2009mg\/kg) elevated the percentage of PCNA\u2010positive follicular cells, indicating enhanced cell proliferation. These findings suggest that chronic GLP exposure may exacerbate thyroid morphological and functional alterations even in the absence of changes in systemic metabolic outcomes. Our study provides the first evidence that GLP exposure within toxicologically relevant doses and under a WD setting can modulate thyroid parameters, highlighting the need to consider real\u2010life scenarios in endocrine toxicity assessment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.70140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T14:24:47Z","timestamp":1781965487000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impacts of long\u2010term glyphosate and\/or 2,4\u2010D exposures on the thyroid of mice fed a western diet"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Luana","family":"Riechelmann\u2010Casarin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Unit (UNIPEX) Botucatu Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)  Botucatu Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovana Vieira","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Functional Biology Botucatu Biosciences Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes Suemy","family":"Varicoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Unit (UNIPEX) Botucatu Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)  Botucatu Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3451-9754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia Cardoso","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Unit (UNIPEX) Botucatu Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)  Botucatu Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Fernando","family":"Barbisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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