{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T07:11:41Z","timestamp":1784099501652,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003662","name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20025755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20025755"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003705","name":"Korea Institute of Toxicology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2710086914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2710086914"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003705","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF\u20102018R1A6A1A03025124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF\u20102018R1A6A1A03025124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102025\u201023324027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102025\u201023324027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Architectural exterior paints play a crucial role in protecting building materials from aging and corrosion. We obtained pieces that fell from the exterior of a university building and ground them using a miller. Aged paint particles (APPs) contained a high concentration of titanium and showed C\u2013H bonds, indicating the presence of microplastics. APP had negatively charged surfaces and were agglomerated in the vehicles used in this study. When exposed repeatedly to APP via pharyngeal aspiration for 13\u2009weeks, a decrease in platelet count and an increase in total cholesterol level were observed in female mice exposed to APP. The increases in levels of pulmonary inflammatory mediators and the lesion severity following exposure to APP were more remarkable in female mice than in male mice. Extramedullary hematopoiesis was also found in the spleens of female mice but not in male mice exposed to APP. Using MH\u2010S cells derived from murine alveolar macrophages, we also found that cell viability decreased markedly even at the lowest concentration and that nitric oxide production, an intracellular second messenger, increased rapidly at the highest concentration. Meanwhile, ATP production was not notably changed in APP\u2010treated cells. Moreover, the expression of all innate immune\u2010related genes and renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system\u2010related genes was downregulated in APP\u2010treated cells compared to the control, and the expression of unfolded protein response genes was lower in the ER but higher in mitochondria. Taken together, we suggest that dysfunction of alveolar macrophages, the primary defenders against inhaled foreign materials, may underlie APP\u2010induced pathological changes. Additionally, we believe that, as a significant source of microplastics and a potential disease\u2010causing ambient pollutant, APP should be removed from the environment under strict control. Considering the biological responses observed in subchronic exposure, we also propose that further study is needed to clarify the health effects of chronic respiratory exposure to different types of APP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.70151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T06:57:41Z","timestamp":1784098661000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Respiratory Toxicity of Aged Paint Particles on a Building Exterior Wall"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Wonkyun","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School Kyung Hee University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute Kyung Hee University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi\u2010Jin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Jeonbuk Advanced Bio Research Korea Institute of Toxicology  Jeongeup Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheolho","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ochang Center Korea Basic Science Institute  Cheongju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujin","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Integrated Engineering Major, College of Engineering Kyung Hee University  Yongin Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4703-3523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taekyung","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Integrated Engineering Major, College of Engineering Kyung Hee University  Yongin Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8789-575X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanghyeon","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1507-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man S.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nam Chul","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemicals Safety Assessment Korea Environment Corporation  Incheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3918-7381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong\u2010Jin","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemicals Safety Assessment Korea Environment Corporation  Incheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyosun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management Seoul National University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwang\u2010Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Engineering  Yongin Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheol\u2010Hui","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Engineering  Yongin Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin\u2010Bae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Human Health and Environmental Toxins Research Center Kyung Hee University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3723-5351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun\u2010Jung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute Kyung Hee University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Human Health and Environmental Toxins Research Center Kyung Hee University  Seoul Republic of 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