{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T04:29:14Z","timestamp":1786508954018,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Cephalosporin is increasingly recognized as an emerging aquatic pollutant capable of inducing systemic toxicity in non\u2010target organisms. This study investigated the comparative toxic effects of three commonly used cephalosporins\u2014cefepime, ceftriaxone, and cefotaxime\u2014on African catfish (\n \n Clarias gariepinus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ), with emphasis on hematological, cytotoxic, genotoxic, hepatorenal, and metabolic alterations, as well as the potential protective role of dietary\n \n Chlorella vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n (50\u2009g\/kg feed). Fish were allocated into seven experimental groups: control, cefepime (0.5\u2009mg\/L), cefepime\u2009+\u2009\n \n C. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n , ceftriaxone (1\u2009mg\/L), ceftriaxone\u2009+\u2009\n \n C. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n , cefotaxime (1\u2009mg\/L), and cefotaxime\u2009+\u2009\n \n C. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n , and exposed for 15\u2009days. Exposure to cephalosporin induced significant hematological disturbances, including reductions in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and total leukocyte count, together with marked changes in differential leukocyte profiles. In addition, all tested cephalosporin significantly increased erythrocyte apoptosis and DNA damage, as evidenced by elevated apoptotic cell percentages and increased comet assay tail moment values, confirming marked cytotoxic and genotoxic stress. Serum biochemical analyses revealed significant elevations in liver enzymes, renal function markers, total protein, total cholesterol, and glucose, indicating substantial hepatic, renal, and metabolic impairment, with cefepime generally exerting the most pronounced biochemical toxicity, whereas ceftriaxone produced the highest genotoxic response. Dietary supplementation with\n \n Chlorella vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n partially but significantly ameliorated many of these adverse effects by improving hematological indices, reducing erythrocyte apoptosis, attenuating DNA damage, and modulating hepatorenal and metabolic disturbances, although complete restoration to control levels was not consistently achieved. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that cephalosporin residues can induce multi\u2010system toxicity in\n \n C. gariepinus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n , while\n \n C. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n represents a promising natural dietary strategy for mitigating cephalosporin\u2010induced physiological and cellular damage in aquatic organisms.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.70176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T03:53:43Z","timestamp":1786506823000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cephalosporin\u2010Induced Haemotoxicity, Apoptosis,\n DNA<\/scp>\n Damage in\n Clarias gariepinus<\/i>\n : Ameliorative Role of\n Chlorella vulgaris<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8712-852X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hesham","family":"Taher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Environment, Faculty of Fish & Fisheries Technology Aswan University Aswan Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa El\u2010Din Salah","family":"El\u2010Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, Faculty of Science Aswan University Aswan Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled Y.","family":"AbouelFadl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fish and Fisheries Technology Aswan University Aswan Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7487-4729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaa El\u2010Din H.","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, Faculty of Science Assiut University Assiut Egypt"},{"name":"Molecular Biology Research & Studies Institute Assiut University Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124104","article-title":"Reproductive and Endocrine\u2010Disrupting Toxicity of Pyrogallol in Catfish (\n Clarias gariepinus\n )","volume":"352","author":"Hamed M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23482","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-32602-9","article-title":"The Application of Source Analysis Methods in Tracing Urban Non\u2010Point Source Pollution: Categorization, Hotspots, and Future Prospects","volume":"31","author":"Lin B.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","volume-title":"Interaction and Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Soil\u2010Crop Systems: The Impact of Reclaimed Wastewater","author":"Parra\u2010Saldivar R.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-018-3901-3","article-title":"Occurrence of Emerging Contaminants in Aquaculture Waters: Cross\u2010Contamination Between Aquaculture Systems and Surrounding Waters","volume":"229","author":"Lai W. 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