{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T02:42:27Z","timestamp":1786156947301,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005667","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o do Estado de Santa Catarina","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJP2021321000109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJP2021321000109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005667","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Climate change and anthropogenic ignitions are intensifying wildfire frequency worldwide, elevating the risk of freshwater contamination by ash. In water, dissolved ash releases ions and other toxic constituents that increase pH and alter physicochemical conditions, while suspended ash particles may impose mechanical stress, disrupt behavior, and increase exposure through ingestion. However, the relative contributions of these distinct ash exposure pathways to ecological toxicity remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether wildfire ash alters crustacean behavior and whether suspended macroparticles and ash\u2010induced pH shifts differentially shape these responses. The freshwater crab\n                    <jats:italic>Aegla jarai<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the cladoceran\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Daphnia magna<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    were exposed to aqueous ash extracts without suspended macroparticles (dissolved fraction) or containing suspended macroparticles (dissolved plus particulate fractions), alongside a control. For\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>D. magna<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , treatments with and without pH correction disentangled intrinsic ash toxicity from the effects of alkalinization. In\n                    <jats:italic>A. jarai<\/jats:italic>\n                    , ash did not affect agonistic responsiveness, refuge use, or food consumption. However, locomotor activity increased during the food detection test, particularly in treatments containing macroparticles, consistent with reduced search efficiency without impairing ingestion. In contrast,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>D. magna<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    exhibited concentration\u2010dependent immobilization (a proxy for mortality), intensified by elevated pH and the presence of macroparticles. Effects on distance traveled were weaker and mainly associated with pH shifts. Together, these findings show that wildfire ash affects freshwater crustaceans through chemical and physical pathways. Ash\u2010induced pH shifts primarily drive ash toxicity, while suspended macroparticles amplify this effect, underscoring the need to consider both dissolved and particulate fractions in postwildfire risk assessments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.70178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T01:44:01Z","timestamp":1786153441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wildfire Ash Alters Freshwater Crustacean Behavior: Disentangling the Contributions of Suspended Macroparticles and Ash\u2010Induced Alkalinization"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9225-2665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9tterson B.","family":"Pereira\u2010Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Carcinology, Department of Ecology and Evolution Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)  Santa Maria Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6006-8260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo R.","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity, Department of Ecology and Zoology Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC)  Florian\u00f3polis Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0235-9239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Kirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity, Department of Ecology and Zoology Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC)  Florian\u00f3polis Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC)  Florian\u00f3polis Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5706-3705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronnilda M. 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