{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:53:33Z","timestamp":1790283213889,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6300218\u201014001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6300218\u201014001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bisphenol A (BPA), a prevalent endocrine disruptor and component of synthetic resins, has recently gained attention for its nephrotoxic potential. Experimental evidence demonstrates that BPA induces kidney injury through oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. BPA exposure leads to excessive production of reactive oxygen species, increased lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of key antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione, resulting in redox imbalance. Concurrently, BPA activates inflammatory cytokines, including IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, and TNF\u2010\u03b1, as well as the NF\u2010\u03baB signaling pathway, which contribute to renal inflammation and tissue injury. Histopathological analyses consistently reveal glomerular congestion, tubular degeneration, and necrosis. In\u00a0vitro studies further demonstrate reduced renal cell viability and enhanced apoptosis mediated by the activation of PI3K\/AKT, Bcl2\/Bax\u2013caspase, and AMPK\/mTOR signaling pathways. Collectively, these findings highlight BPA's ability to cause both structural and functional damage to the kidney through oxidative and inflammatory cascades. Despite advances in understanding BPA\u2010induced nephrotoxicity, translating experimental findings to human health remains challenging due to interspecies variations, differing exposure routes, and inconsistent epidemiological data. Moreover, growing evidence suggests that BPA substitutes, such as bisphenol F and bisphenol S, possess similar endocrine\u2010disrupting and nephrotoxic effects, raising further safety concerns. Future research should focus on elucidating mechanisms underlying BPA\u2010induced cell cycle arrest, its long\u2010term effects on renal repair, and susceptibility factors such as genetic and sex\u2010specific differences. Addressing these gaps is essential for improving risk assessment and guiding regulatory measures to mitigate BPA\u2010related kidney dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.70190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T11:42:10Z","timestamp":1787053330000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bisphenol A\u2013Induced Nephrotoxicity: Mechanistic Insights Into Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cellular Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4378-6389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Al\u2010Salihi Ahmed Rashid","family":"Abdulhameed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Putra Malaysia  Serdang Selangor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4710-3467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Nazrul Hakim","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Putra Malaysia  Serdang Selangor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5081-0982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vuanghao","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia  Kepala Batas Penang Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8302-4136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasnah","family":"Bahari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Putra Malaysia  Serdang Selangor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1915-6606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boon Yin","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia  Penang Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7027-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun Jie","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia  Kepala Batas Penang Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9442-7456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoke Keong","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Putra Malaysia  Serdang Selangor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Ogobuiro I.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2024.153784","article-title":"Environmental Toxicants and Nephrotoxicity: Implications on Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"504","author":"Yadav R.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.06.031","article-title":"Zinc Exerts Its Renal Protection Effect on Arsenic\u2010Exposed Common Carp: A Signaling Network Comprising Nrf2, NF\u2010\u03baB and MAPK Pathways","volume":"104","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish & Shellfish Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0273-8","article-title":"Consensus on the Key Characteristics of Endocrine\u2010Disrupting Chemicals as a Basis for Hazard Identification","volume":"16","author":"La Merrill M. 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