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This study evaluated the protective effects of a standardized\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Trigonella foenum\u2010graecum<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      L\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    . (fenugreek; TFG) seed extract against subchronic lead acetate\u2010induced toxicity in rats. An integrated experimental design assessed biochemical, oxidative, molecular, endocrine, histopathological, and sperm functional parameters. Animals were assigned to control, TFG extract (50 or 100\u2009mg\/kg), lead acetate, and combined lead plus TFG extract groups. Lead exposure caused hepatorenal dysfunction and histopathological injury, accompanied by increased malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced antioxidant defenses, increased nuclear factor kappa B (NF\u2010\u03baB) protein expression, and reduced nuclear factor erythroid 2\u2010related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase\u20101 (HO\u20101) protein expression. Lead exposure also decreased circulating follicle\u2010stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations and impaired sperm motility, density, morphology, viability, and testicular architecture. Coadministration of the TFG extract significantly attenuated these alterations, improved biochemical and antioxidant indices, reduced NF\u2010\u03baB expression, increased Nrf2 and HO\u20101 expression, improved gonadotropin concentrations and sperm quality, and ameliorated hepatic and testicular histopathology. For most endpoints, the 100\u2009mg\/kg\/day dose produced greater numerical improvement than 50\u2009mg\/kg\/day, although between\u2010dose differences were not consistently significant. These findings indicate that the chemically characterized fenugreek extract attenuates lead\u2010induced systemic and reproductive toxicity in this preclinical rat model, with effects associated with improved redox balance, inflammation\u2010related protein expression, gonadotropin concentrations, and spermatogenic outcomes. Further studies are required before therapeutic or translational conclusions can be drawn.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.70204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T03:27:11Z","timestamp":1792380431000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protective Effects of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Trigonella foenum\u2010graecum<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Extract Against Lead Toxicity: Integrated Redox, Endocrine, and Spermatogenic Responses"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6475-8609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veysi","family":"Kayri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services Batman University  Batman 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