{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T02:11:00Z","timestamp":1790647860753,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585180800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\u201067012\u201026098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\u201067012\u201026098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Plant Genome"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Vitamin A deficiency is one of the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies worldwide. Sorghum [\n                    <jats:italic>Sorghum bicolor<\/jats:italic>\n                    L. (Moench)] is a major cereal crop consumed by millions of people in regions with high vitamin A deficiency. We quantified carotenoid concentrations in a diverse sorghum panel using high\u2010performance liquid chromatography and conducted a genome\u2010wide association study (GWAS) of grain carotenoids to identify genes underlying carotenoid variation. There was moderate variation for \u03b2\u2010carotene (00.8\u00a0\u03bcg g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), lutein (0.3\u20139.4\u00a0\u03bcg g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and zeaxanthin (0.2\u20139.1\u00a0\u03bcg g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), but \u03b2\u2010cryptoxanthin and \u03b1\u2010carotene were nearly undetectable. Genotype had the largest effect size, at 81% for zeaxanthin, 62% for \u03b2\u2010carotene, and 53% for lutein. Using multiple models, GWAS identified several significant associations between carotenoids and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), some of which colocalized with known carotenoid genes that have not been previously implicated in carotenoid variation. Several of the candidate genes identified have also been identified in maize (\n                    <jats:italic>Zea mays<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.) and Arabidopsis (\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) carotenoid GWAS studies. Notably, an SNP inside the putative ortholog of maize\n                    <jats:italic>zeaxanthin epoxidase<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>ZEP<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) had the most significant association with zeaxanthin and with the ratio between lutein and zeaxanthin, suggesting that\n                    <jats:italic>ZEP<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a major gene controlling sorghum carotenoid variation. Overall findings suggest there is oligogenic inheritance for sorghum carotenoids and suitable variation for marker\u2010assisted selection. The high carotenoid germplasm and significant associations identified in this study can be used in biofortification efforts to improve the nutritional quality of sorghum.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tpg2.20013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T03:03:31Z","timestamp":1585191811000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Advancing provitamin A biofortification in sorghum: Genome\u2010wide association studies of grain carotenoids in global germplasm"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Clara","family":"Cruet\u2010Burgos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy Kansas State University  Manhattan KS 66506 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Grain and Animal Health Research USDA\u2010ARS  1515 College Ave Manhattan KS 66502 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian P.","family":"Ioerger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Grain and Animal Health Research USDA\u2010ARS  1515 College Ave Manhattan KS 66502 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramasamy","family":"Perumal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Center Kansas State University  Hays KS 67601 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenbin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy Kansas State University  Manhattan KS 66506 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Herald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Grain and Animal Health Research USDA\u2010ARS  1515 College Ave Manhattan KS 66502 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott R.","family":"Bean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Grain and Animal Health Research USDA\u2010ARS  1515 College Ave Manhattan KS 66502 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2140-1519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davina H.","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy Kansas State University  Manhattan KS 66506 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Africa Biofortified Sorghum Project: Five\u2010year progress report","author":"Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation International","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Africa harvest strategic plan 2012\u20132022","author":"Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation International","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Food security now or wait for research to assess risks?","author":"Arvidsson T.","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","article-title":"Genetically modified crops and small\u2010scale farmers: Main opportunities and challenges","volume":"36","author":"Azadi H.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.117.300511"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"359","article-title":"Carotenoid content of the grain from yellow endosperm\u2010type sorghums","volume":"35","author":"Blessin C. W.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Cereal Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00038928"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.09.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2007.02.0080"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2010.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.106.077008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2012.05005.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2014.08.0555"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2018.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2015.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"FAO. (1995).Sorghum and millets in human nutrition. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/T0818E\/T0818E04.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2007.12.0684"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10722-009-9417-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)69250-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090346"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.16.00604"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","unstructured":"Gorbet D. W.(1971).Inheritance of some endosperm types in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench(Doctoral dissertation Oklahoma State University). 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