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We present a field\u2010based electrolyte leakage assay to assess basal frost tolerance in newly emerging buds. Using this assay, we estimated genetic parameters and tested the effectiveness of multivariate genomic selection (GS) models integrating frost tolerance, bud burst phenology, and height growth. Multivariate models significantly improved frost tolerance prediction accuracy, particularly when incorporating bud burst data, due to a strong genetic correlation between traits (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2248 \u20130.63) and high heritability of bud burst (\n                    <jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2248 0.60). The observed genetic correlations suggest that early\u2010flushing genotypes exhibit higher tolerance to spring frost. Our findings underscore the importance of basal frost tolerance as a complementary trait to traditional phenological frost\u2010avoidance strategies. Additionally, we emphasize that early\u2010stage bud burst assessments in controlled environments can accelerate genomic predictions, overcoming the limitations imposed by long growth cycles. Integrating multi\u2010trait genomic prediction models optimized with bud burst as an assisting trait and optimized model parameters enhances prediction accuracy of spring frost tolerance and supports the development of climate\u2010resilient breeding strategies in Norway spruce.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tpg2.70151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T06:20:46Z","timestamp":1763792446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multivariate models improve accuracy of genomic prediction for spring frost tolerance in Norway spruce"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4725-0974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuuli","family":"Aro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Ume\u00e5 Plant Science Centre (UPSC) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biyue","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stora Enso Skog AB  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi\u2010Qiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Ume\u00e5 Plant Science Centre (UPSC) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co\u2010Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4250-711X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Hallingb\u00e4ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skogforsk, Uppsala Science Park  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Suontama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skogforsk  S\u00e4var Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Westin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Svartbergets forskningsstation  Vindeln Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Ume\u00e5 Plant Science Centre (UPSC) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaughan","family":"Hurry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Ume\u00e5 Plant Science Centre (UPSC) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-021-05970-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461\u20100248.2004.00680.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btad445"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.01197"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Influence of photo\u2010 and thermoperiod on the initial stages of frost hardening and dehardening of phytotron\u2010grown seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) 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