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Here, we analyzed a papain\u2010like cysteine peptidase horizontally transferred from Panicoideae to wild\n                    <jats:italic>Hordeum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Poaceae). Using chromosome\u2010level assemblies of 21 diploid\n                    <jats:italic>Hordeum<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, we assessed presence\/absence, copy\u2010number variation, coding diversity, selection, predicted protein functionality, and expression. To infer donor relationships, we screened 77 Panicoideae accessions (48 species, 20 genera) by polymerase chain reaction\u00a0and sequenced positive amplicons with Nanopore. The transferred locus, likely acquired as part of a larger panicoid DNA segment, is retained across\n                    <jats:italic>Hordeum<\/jats:italic>\n                    sect.\n                    <jats:italic>Stenostachys<\/jats:italic>\n                    but shows strong post\u2010transfer diversification, with 1\u20138 copies per species, extensive transposable\u2010element insertions, and numerous coding\u2010sequence variants. Close homologs in Panicoideae were rare and restricted to\n                    <jats:italic>Panicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Paspalum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; gene trees identified\n                    <jats:italic>Panicum bergii<\/jats:italic>\n                    as the closest sampled relative. Selection analyses indicated heterogeneous constraints and episodic positive selection in some\n                    <jats:italic>Hordeum<\/jats:italic>\n                    lineages. Only a minority of copies retained an intact catalytic triad, whereas most were predicted to be pseudopeptidases. Transcripts were detected across species and tissues. These results indicate that an HGT\u2010derived DNA block can persist, amplify, and diversify in recipient genomes, generating raw material for later functional evolution.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tpg2.70242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:13:37Z","timestamp":1787829217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The afterlife of a horizontally transferred gene: Expansion and functional diversification of a C1A peptidase in wild\n                    <i>Hordeum<\/i>\n                    species"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1922-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e1clav","family":"Mahelka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Plant Biology Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences  Pr\u016fhonice Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Caklov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Lab Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences  Pr\u016fhonice Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radim","family":"\u010cegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences  Olomouc Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Plant Developmental Genetics Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sim\u00f3n","family":"Villanueva\u2010Corrales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Lab Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences  Pr\u016fhonice Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji\u0159ina","family":"Josefiov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Lab Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences  Pr\u016fhonice Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Kne\u0159ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences  Olomouc Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2834-1734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Kopeck\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences  Olomouc Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Nagy\u2010Nejedl\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Lab Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences  Pr\u016fhonice Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Szec\u00f3wka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences  Olomouc Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Krak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Plant Biology Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences  Pr\u016fhonice Czech Republic"},{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010024\u201007487\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013\u2010017\u20100838\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1270\/jsbbs.59.471"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2009.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syv035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13853"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2020.107671"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.01.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2482"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00282"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Horizontal 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