{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T04:55:17Z","timestamp":1790571317524,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786838400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004854","name":"New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004854","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1922551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1922551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Plant Genome"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Genetic mapping of traits in apples (\n                    <jats:italic>Malus domestica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), a temperate woody perennial, is challenging due to high heterozygosity, long juvenility, and extensive spatial maintenance requirements for the populations. These factors limit the effective use of traditional quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping methods in identifying the genetic basis of traits critical for apple production, marketability, and sustainability. We explored the use of open\u2010pollinated (OP) genetic mapping as an alternative to conventional biparental QTL mapping and genome\u2010wide association studies. A QTL was simulated, and the performance of a mixed linear model (MLM) and a multi\u2010locus mixed model (MLMM) in QTL mapping accuracy was compared using a genotyping\u2010by\u2010sequencing dataset of seven interspecific Royal Gala \u00d7\n                    <jats:italic>Malus sieversii<\/jats:italic>\n                    biparental F1 populations. The simulation results show that the MLMM outperformed the MLM by accurately identifying the simulated QTL. Analysis of power indicated that a population size of 183 individuals is required to reach a power\u00a0=\u00a00.8 for a simulated major effect QTL. Mapping resolution analysis showed that a population size of 470\u2013600 individuals, depending on local recombination rates, is necessary to achieve high resolution within the OP population. Simulations demonstrate the potential of OP\u2010based genetic mapping for identifying QTL in apples, reducing the logistical challenges associated with traditional QTL mapping methods. Our results show that OP\u2010based genetic mapping could be used to speed up the identification of novel alleles directly from diverse germplasm collections in apples.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tpg2.70288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T04:14:43Z","timestamp":1786940083000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of an open\u2010pollinated genetic mapping framework to facilitate the identification of QTL in apples"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7699-8444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Hickok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathology and Plant\u2010Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University  Geneva New York USA"},{"name":"Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0424-7727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Awais","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathology and Plant\u2010Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University  Geneva New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9522-9585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102164\u201013\u2010203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08800"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438\u2010012\u20100707\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.103.024752"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"Beavis W.(1994).The power and deceit of QTL experiments: Lessons from comparative QTL studies. InProceedings of the Corn and Sorghum Industry Research Conference(250\u2013266).American Seed Trade Association."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13145"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110377"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2018.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01140671.2002.9514202"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160733"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/10_2017_48"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3886"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11091717"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11105\u2010018\u20101076\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hortres.2016.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-023-09891-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019379"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2013.976.70"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134907"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090346"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11295\u2010016\u20101073\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.119.302046"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201034383\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.32.2.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10709\u2010008\u20109307\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.548"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122\u2010022\u201004093\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.117.041426"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031242"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10020409"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01636"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraf504"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/121.1.185"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201889"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.113.006148"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts444"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.36.2.225"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.12522"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Alternaria leaf and fruit spot in apple: Symptoms, cause and management","volume":"8","author":"Madhu G. S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2796"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3835\/plantgenome2017.08.0075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.934712"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3835\/plantgenome2015.11.0113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41438\u2010020\u201000441\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hr\/uhae131"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1479262113000075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1117196"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.109.068437"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/323659"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172949"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439\u20100523.2007.01408.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.110.121665"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00222917"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11816\u2010024\u201000889\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkad253"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2024.102652"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2314"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3316\/informit.282266177014358"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11032\u2010014\u20100159\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122\u2010013\u20102166\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48130\/FruRes\u20102023\u20100028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1530509100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11295\u2010023\u201001626\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tpg2.20087"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01923"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007\u20100980"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2024.101258"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48130\/FruRes\u20102023\u20100032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/165.4.2259"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cj.2016.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1702"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/136.4.1457"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201021378\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.546"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095\u20103119(18)62033\u20107"}],"container-title":["The Plant Genome"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tpg2.70288","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/tpg2.70288","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tpg2.70288","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T04:02:10Z","timestamp":1790568130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/tpg2.70288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/tpg2.70288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tpg2.70288","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1940-3372","1940-3372"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1940-3372","type":"print"},{"value":"1940-3372","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70288"}}