{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T15:22:16Z","timestamp":1791991336696,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF\u20102022R1A2C1007337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF\u20102022R1A2C1007337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Plant Genome"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Genome\u2010wide association studies (GWASs) typically require large populations to achieve sufficient statistical power; however, maintaining large populations is labor\u2010intensive and costly. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of improving GWAS detection power by strategically integrating small maize (\n                    <jats:italic>Zea mays<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.) subpopulations for kernel\u2010related traits. Using high\u2010throughput phenotyping of eight kernel traits, GWAS was conducted across four different population combinations. Expanding population size generally increased single\u2010nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association strength and enabled identification of additional loci, supporting the advantage of subpopulation integration. However, some loci identified in smaller combinations lost association strength after incorporating genetically divergent subpopulations, indicating that phenotypic distribution and genetic background strongly influence GWAS outcomes. Comparison with previously reported kernel quantitative trait loci revealed that many identified SNPs reside in multi\u2010trait genomic regions, while several loci exhibited trait\u2010specific effects. Candidate genes within linkage disequilibrium blocks included pentatricopeptide repeat proteins, an insulin\u2010degrading enzyme\u2010like protein, and a peptidyl\u2010prolyl cis\u2013trans isomerase, all with plausible roles in kernel development. Collectively, our results suggest that integrating small populations is an effective and practical strategy to enhance GWAS feasibility and locus discovery, while careful consideration of population structure remains essential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tpg2.70319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:57:21Z","timestamp":1791518241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Feasibility and pitfalls of combining small subpopulations for genome\u2010wide association analysis of maize (\n                    <i>Zea mays<\/i>\n                    L.) kernel traits"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Myeong\u2010Geon","family":"Seok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio\u2010Environmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Chungnam National University  Daejeon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seongmin","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio\u2010Environmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Chungnam National University  Daejeon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyun","family":"Go","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio\u2010Environmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Chungnam National University  Daejeon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Seong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio\u2010Environmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Chungnam National University  Daejeon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hobin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio\u2010Environmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Chungnam National University  Daejeon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanghak","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio\u2010Environmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Chungnam National University  Daejeon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7630-1892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gibum","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio\u2010Environmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Chungnam National University  Daejeon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.094052.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08800"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Advances in cereal science: Implications to food processing and health promotion","author":"Awika J. M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010arplant\u2010050213\u2010040159"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3176","article-title":"Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND","volume":"12","author":"Buchfink B.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2013.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742\u2010015\u20100047\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153428"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12767"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cingolani P. Platts A. Wang L. L. Coon M. Nguyen T. Wang L. Land S. J. Lu X. &Ruden D. 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