{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:48:51Z","timestamp":1791294531704,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG075883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG075883"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AG057545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AG057545"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01AG076967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01AG076967"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["A&amp;D Transl Res &amp; Clin Interv"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies on physical activity (PA) and dementia mainly focus on activity quantity or intensity. Yet PA requires neuro\u2010coordination of movement, and it is unclear whether complexity of daily activity varies by cognitive status. Thus, we examined the association between PA complexity, using multiscale entropy, and cognitive function, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia in older adults in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 637 older adults (age 73.9 \u00b1 11.3 years) in the BLSA completed a 7\u2010day wrist\u2010worn accelerometer assessment and neuropsychological tests from 2015 to 2020. Using logistic regression and structural equation modeling, we examined cross\u2010sectional associations of PA complexity with MCI\/dementia and cognition. Cross\u2010lagged panel models (CLPMs) were used to assess bidirectional associations at baseline and 2\u2010year follow\u2010up. Multivariable models were adjusted for age, sex, race, education years, body mass index, and comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants in the lowest tertile of PA complexity had over double the odds of MCI\/dementia (odds ratio = 2.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02 to 6.79,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a00.045) compared to those in the highest tertile in the fully adjusted model. Structural equation modeling showed that PA complexity was associated with global cognitive function (standardized B [SB] = 0.102, 95% CI: 0.033 to 0.171,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a00.004), executive function (SB = 0.119, 95% CI: 0.049 to 0.189,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a00.001), and visuospatial ability (SB = 0.096, 95% CI: 0.026 to 0.167,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a00.008). CLPMs showed bidirectional associations between lower PA complexity and poorer executive function.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower complexity of accelerometry\u2010detected movement is associated with poorer cognition and higher risk of MCI\/dementia. Future studies should explore whether low PA complexity is an early indicator of dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Prior studies mainly focused on quantity or intensity of physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Poorer cognitive function was associated with lower complexity of daily activity.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Lower complexity of physical activity may be an early indicator of dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.70077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T02:49:01Z","timestamp":1744253341000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Physical activity complexity, cognition, and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-8158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yurun","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Community Systems University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts 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