{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:52:02Z","timestamp":1789710722708,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":48,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000957","name":"Alzheimer's Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AARG\u201022\u2010924314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AARG\u201022\u2010924314"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01 AG065487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01 AG065487"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG072973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG072973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["A&amp;D Transl Res &amp; Clin Interv"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preclinical studies suggest that creatine monohydrate (CrM) improves cognition and Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers. However, there is currently no clinical evidence demonstrating the effects of CrM in patients with AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this single\u2010arm pilot trial, we investigated the feasibility of 20\u00a0g\/day CrM for 8 weeks in 20 patients with AD. We measured compliance throughout; serum creatine at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks; and brain total creatine (tCr) and cognition (National Institutes of Health [NIH] Toolbox, Mini\u2010Mental State Examination [MMSE]) at baseline and 8 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nineteen participants achieved the target of \u226580% compliance with the CrM intervention. Serum Cr was elevated at 4 and 8 weeks (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a0.001) and brain tCr increased by 11% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a0.001). Cognition improved on global (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a0.02) and fluid (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a0.004) composites, List Sorting (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a0.001), Oral Reading (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a0.001), and Flanker (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a0.05) tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data suggest that CrM supplementation is feasible in AD and provides preliminary evidence for future efficacy and mechanism studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05383833, registered on May 20, 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Creatine monohydrate supplementation was feasible in patients with Alzheimer's disease.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Creatine monohydrate was associated with increased brain total creatine.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Creatine monohydrate was associated with improvements in cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Efficacy of creatine monohydrate in Alzheimer's disease should be studied further.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.70101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T05:56:04Z","timestamp":1747720564000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Creatine monohydrate pilot in Alzheimer's: Feasibility, brain creatine, and cognition"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Aaron N.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics &amp; Nutrition University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u2010Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"},{"name":"Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology &amp; Physiology University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phil","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"},{"name":"Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology &amp; Physiology University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra K.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics &amp; Nutrition University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"},{"name":"Alzheimer's Disease Research Center University of Kansas, 4350 Shawnee Mission Pkwy Fairway  Kansas City Kansas USA"},{"name":"University of Kansas Diabetes Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"},{"name":"Kansas Center for Metabolism &amp; Obesity Research University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"},{"name":"Alzheimer's Disease Research Center University of Kansas, 4350 Shawnee Mission Pkwy Fairway  Kansas City Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell H.","family":"Swerdlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology &amp; Physiology University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"},{"name":"Alzheimer's Disease Research Center University of Kansas, 4350 Shawnee Mission Pkwy Fairway  Kansas City Kansas USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry &amp; Molecular Biology University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics &amp; Nutrition University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew K.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics &amp; Nutrition University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd.  Kansas City Kansas USA"},{"name":"Alzheimer's Disease Research Center University of Kansas, 4350 Shawnee Mission Pkwy Fairway  Kansas City Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682\u2010012\u20109208\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/jad\u20102010\u2010100339"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2019.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.3.1107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.54.070185.004151"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970\u2010017\u20100173\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1500644"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020586"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2023.102011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726\u2010011\u20100851\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.046284.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113589"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471\u20104159.2000.0741968.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814\u2010024\u201001469\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NorganNG.A Review of: \u201cAnthropometric Standardization Reference Manual\u201d. Edited byTGLohman AFRocheandRMartorell. (Champaign IL.:Human Kinetics Books 1988.) [Pp. vi+ 177.] \u00a328\u00b700. ISBN 087322 121 4.Ergonomics.1988;31(10):1493\u20101494. doi:10.1080\/00140138808966796","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138808966796"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.5319"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010024\u201002988\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20103956(75)90026\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182872ded"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617714000320"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27340"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.698"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27742"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1086-5802(15)30371-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad057"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.5847"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12884"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0024\u20103205(99)00512\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2017.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/12392.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.082867"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600\u20100404.2003.00097.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s\u20102002\u201024990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt280"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2017.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acae011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-199700112-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082758"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia: Translational Research &amp; Clinical Interventions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/trc2.70101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T09:24:50Z","timestamp":1761470690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/trc2.70101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/trc2.70101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/trc2.70101","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-8737","2352-8737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-8737","type":"print"},{"value":"2352-8737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70101"}}