{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T11:42:26Z","timestamp":1771846946410,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":79,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG054073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG054073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG058533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG058533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG070862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG070862"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AG020494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AG020494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AG024904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AG024904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AG078109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AG078109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004917","name":"Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#RP17301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#RP17301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["A&amp;D Transl Res &amp; Clin Interv"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) continues to be the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Significant efforts are spent researching etiology and potential management strategies. Although minorities face a higher disease burden and are anticipated to make up 43% of the US population by 2060, most literature on inherited AD risk has been derived from studying European ancestry. Here we evaluate frequencies of top AD risk alleles for late\u2010onset AD (LOAD) in African\u2010 (AA), Mexican\u2010 (MA) and non\u2010Hispanic White (NHW)\u2010American participants enrolled in the Health &amp; Aging Brain Study\u2013Health Disparities (HABS\u2010HD) cohort to determine ethnicity\u2010specific differential genetic architecture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using DNA extracted from this community\u2010based diverse cohort (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a03207), we calculated the genotype frequencies in each population to determine whether a significant difference is detected among the three populations. DNA genotyping was performed per manufacturer's protocols. Imputation was used for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were not directly genotyped. Statistical analysis was performed using R Studio.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Genotype frequencies for 12 out of 15 SNPs (2 apolipoprotein E [\n                      <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      ] variants\n                      <jats:italic>, SIPA1L2, PIK3C2G, GPC6, RBFOX1, ABCA7, VRK3, ALCAM, EDEM1, NSG\/MSX2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>WDR70)<\/jats:italic>\n                      differed significantly between groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This analysis expands on our previous study supporting the notion that genetic risk for AD is heterogeneous across racial and ethnic populations. Our results continue to demonstrate the valuable nature of diversity in genetic risk investigations and suggest the importance of including diverse and underrepresented racial and ethnic populations in medical research. Perhaps the most interesting finding is observed in the SNPs not found to be significantly different between groups, indicating there may be shared pleiotropic gene architecture across ethnicities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) burden is rapidly increasing in the United States; minorities are disproportionally affected.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We investigate genetic health disparities in our community\u2010based diverse cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Twelve of 15 evaluated single nucleotide polymorphisms significantly differ among ethnicities in the Health &amp; Aging Brain Study\u2013Health Disparities.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.70124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T03:11:16Z","timestamp":1750302676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Alzheimer's disease genetic risk: Top African American risk allele frequencies and genetic architecture among Mexican\u2010, African\u2010, and non\u2010Hispanic White Americans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3597-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Housini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience College of Biomedical and Translational Sciences University of North Texas Health Science Center  Fort Worth Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine &amp; Manipulative Medicine Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine University of North Texas Health Science Center  Fort Worth Texas USA"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Research University of North Texas Health Science Center  Fort Worth Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengyang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Research University of North Texas Health Science Center  Fort Worth Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Population and Community Health College of Public Health University of North Texas Health Science Center  Fort Worth Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lubnaa","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Research University of North Texas Health Science Center  Fort Worth Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gita","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genomic Health Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reem","family":"Ayoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine &amp; Manipulative Medicine Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine University of North Texas Health Science Center  Fort Worth Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Texas Institute for Graduate Medical Education and Research  San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shea","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Research University of North Texas Health Science Center  Fort Worth Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology Immunology and Genetics College of Biomedical and Translational Sciences University of North Texas Health Science Center  Fort Worth Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sid","family":"O'Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine &amp; Manipulative Medicine Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine University of North Texas Health Science Center  Fort Worth Texas USA"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Research University of North Texas Health Science Center  Fort Worth Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine &amp; Manipulative Medicine Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine University of North Texas Health Science Center  Fort Worth Texas USA"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Research University of North Texas Health Science Center  Fort Worth Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"For the HABS\u2010HD Study Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Dementia Fact Sheet","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12638"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Demographic Turning Points for the United States: Population Projections for 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&amp; Dementia: Translational Research &amp; Clinical 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