{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:05:08Z","timestamp":1780635908177,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG057869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG057869"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01AG082653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01AG082653"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56AG069126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56AG069126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG024904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG024904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH\u201012\u20102\u20100012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH\u201012\u20102\u20100012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N92022D00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N92022D00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N92022D00002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N92022D00002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N92022D00003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N92022D00003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N92022D00004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N92022D00004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N92022D00005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N92022D00005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["A&amp;amp;D Transl Res &amp;amp; Clin Interv"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alzheimer's disease and related dementias researchers have benefited from deeply phenotyped clinical samples; however, there is a critical need for estimates that generalize to diverse, representative populations. Use of a statistical approach from causal inference, \u201ctransport,\u201d may allow generalization of findings from clinical samples to other target populations. Here we explore the feasibility and validity of extending results from a clinical sample, the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), to a community\u2010based target sample, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Positron Emission Tomography Amyloid Imaging Study (ARIC\u2010PET) using transport estimation and a standard approach, direct standardization, which itself can be considered a simple transport.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eligible ARIC\u2010PET (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 343) and ADNI (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 821) participants were White or Black, with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment (MCI; 26.5% ARIC\u2010PET, 56.4% ADNI). Estimates of amyloid positivity prevalence were derived from transporting from ADNI to ARIC\u2010PET or standardizing ADNI to ARIC\u2013ET using only sociodemographic characteristics and apolipoprotein E (\n                      <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) \u03b54 status. Resulting estimates were compared to observed prevalences in ARIC\u2010PET, overall and by age, sex, race, education,\n                      <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u03b54 status, and cognitive status.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Approximately half of transported prevalences were closer to observed ARIC\u2010PET prevalences than the crude ADNI prevalences, including in all five subgroups in which crude prevalences differed substantially across cohorts. However, for many subgroups, transported prevalences were substantially further from observed ARIC\u2010PET prevalences than crude ADNI prevalences. Standardization produced more variable estimates, which were not systematically closer to observed ARIC\u2010PET prevalence than the crude ADNI prevalence estimates. Restriction to more homogenous samples did not improve performance of either method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although transport performed better than direct standardization in this example, available data appear insufficient to generalize findings from convenience samples to less selected samples with high confidence using either method. Recruitment of diverse, representative samples will likely be needed to derive population\u2010level statistics given limitations of legacy samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Prior prevalence estimates of amyloid positivity are variable.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Transport may improve generalization from samples to target populations.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We standardized and transported estimates to a target with known prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Neither worked reliably; transport performed better than standardization.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Clinical convenience samples are inadequate to derive population\u2010level statistics.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.70158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T03:29:14Z","timestamp":1760498954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimating preclinical amyloid positivity: A case study transporting ADNI to ARIC"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0628-0704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma K.","family":"Stapp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health  Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Rose","family":"Mayeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology UCLA Fielding School of Public Health  South Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca F.","family":"Gottesman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott C.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health Boston University  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean F.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Mosley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center University of Mississippi Medical Center  Jackson Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Griswold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center University of Mississippi Medical Center  Jackson Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Maria","family":"Glymour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health Boston University  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda C.","family":"Power","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health  Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12293"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Study Design 2017 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000002914"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1510507113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8426"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12522"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Causal inference: What If","author":"Hernan M","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfw060"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu197"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.13274"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ede.0000000000000774"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X16660663"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ede.0000000000000926"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx164"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25530"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.3157"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12226"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","volume-title":"Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Protocol Manual 2: Cohort Component Procedures","author":"The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2015.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","volume-title":"Los Angeles: Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Institute","author":"Landau S","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.069088"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20103956(75)90026\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44775-9_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"430","volume-title":"Boston Naming Test. encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology","author":"Roth CR DJ","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00772"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","volume-title":"A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary","author":"Strauss E SE","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","article-title":"Use of the Functional Activities Questionnaire in older adults with dementia","volume":"13","author":"Mayo AM","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hartford Inst Geriatr Nurs"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12694"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476494"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1557-4679.1084"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","volume-title":"Stata 16 Base Reference Manual","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asq035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/09\u2010STS313"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","author":"Alzheimer's Association","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195\u2010018\u20100459\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/qai.0000000000001131"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq084"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/qai.0000000000002037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech\u20102017\u2010209976"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121\u2010014\u20100513\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ede.0000000000001191"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.13009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0999152X"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia: Translational Research &amp; Clinical Interventions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/trc2.70158","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/trc2.70158","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/trc2.70158","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/trc2.70158","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T04:55:26Z","timestamp":1780635326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/trc2.70158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/trc2.70158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/trc2.70158","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-8737","2352-8737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-8737","type":"print"},{"value":"2352-8737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70158"}}